“…Both in and between uni-and multicellular organisms, these collaborative efforts were selected during evolution mostly when it led to a mutually beneficial equilibrium for two (or more) communicating species (Combarnous, & Nguyen, 2020;Pearce et al, 2018;Staps et al, 2019;Takagi et al, 2020;Venkatraghavan et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2020). Thus, intra/interspecies cooperation is recognized as an important evolutionary strength, which appears to be invariant across time, species, and space, with its onset being ascribed at least to the first forms of life, 3,8 billion years ago (Combarnous, & Nguyen, 2020;Hilbe et al, 2018;Pearce et al, 2018;Staps et al, 2019;Takagi et al, 2020;Venkatraghavan et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2020). However, intra/inter species competition seems to also play a crucial role in the evolutionary story of life (Abreu et al, 2019;Celiker & Gore, 2012;Clutton-Brock, 2009;Govaert et al, 2018;Griffins et al, 2004;Hogle et al, 2023;Monaco et al, 2022;Nair et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2020;Yamamichi et al, 2022).…”