Probing supermassive black hole growth and its dependence on stellar mass and star formation rate in low-redshift galaxies

Torbaniuk, O; Paolillo, M; D’Abrusco, R; Vignali, C; Georgakakis, A; Carrera, F J; Civano, F

doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3965

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

2023

DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stad3965

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Probing supermassive black hole growth and its dependence on stellar mass and star formation rate in low-redshift galaxies

O Torbaniuk,

M Paolillo,

R D’Abrusco

et al.

Abstract: We present an improved study of the relation between supermassive black hole growth and their host galaxy properties in the local Universe (z < 0.33). To this end, we build an extensive sample combining spectroscopic measurements of star-formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass from Sloan Digital Sky Survey, with specific Black Hole accretion rate (sBHAR, $\lambda _{\mathrm{sBHAR}} \propto L_{\rm X}/\mathcal {M}_{\ast }$) derived from the XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue (3XMM-DR8) and the Chandra… Show more

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2024

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Cited by 3 publications

References 153 publications

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Comparative analysis of the SFR of AGN and non-AGN galaxies, as a function of stellar mass, AGN power, cosmic time, and obscuration

Mountrichas,

Masoura,

Corral

et al. 2024

A&A

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This study involves a comparative analysis of the star formation rates (SFRs) of active galactic nucleus (AGN) galaxies and non-AGN galaxies and of the SFRs of type 1 and 2 AGNs. To carry out this investigation, we assembled a dataset consisting of 2\,677 X-ray AGNs detected by the XMM-Newton observatory and a control sample of 64\,556 galaxies devoid of AGNs. We generated spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for these objects using photometric data from the DES, VHS, and AllWISE surveys, and we harnessed the CIGALE code to extract measurements for the (host) galaxy properties. Our dataset encompasses a diverse parameter space, with objects spanning a range of stellar masses from $ M_*(M_ odot) <12.0$, intrinsic X-ray luminosities within $ L_ X,2-10keV (ergs^ <45.5$, and redshifts between $ 0.3<z<2.5$. To compare SFRs, we calculated the norm $ parameter, which signifies the ratio of the SFR of an AGN galaxy to the SFR of non-AGN galaxies sharing similar M$_*$ and redshift. Our analysis reveals that systems hosting an AGN tend to exhibit elevated SFRs compared to non-AGN galaxies, particularly beyond a certain threshold in L$_X$. Notably, this threshold increases as we move toward more massive galaxies. Additionally, for AGN systems with the same L$_X$, the magnitude of the SFR$_ norm $ decreases as we consider more massive galaxies. This suggests that in galaxies with an AGN, the increase in SFR as a function of stellar mass is not as prominent as in galaxies without an AGN. This interpretation finds support in the shallower slope that we identify in the X-ray star-forming main sequence in contrast to the galaxy main sequence. Employing CIGALE's measurements, we classified AGNs into type 1 and type 2. In our investigation, we focused on a subset of 652 type 1 AGNs and 293 type 2 AGNs within the stellar mass range of $ M_(M_ odot) <11.5$. Based on our results, type 1 AGNs display higher SFRs than type 2 AGNs, at redshifts below $ z<1$. However, at higher redshifts, the SFRs of the two AGN populations tend to be similar. At redshifts $ z<1$, type 1 AGNs show augmented SFRs in comparison to non-AGN galaxies. In contrast, type 2 AGNs exhibit lower SFRs when compared to galaxies that do not host an AGN, at least up to $ L_ X,2-10keV (ergs^

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Comparative analysis of the SFR of AGN and non-AGN galaxies, as a function of stellar mass, AGN power, cosmic time, and obscuration

Mountrichas,

Masoura,

Corral

et al. 2024

A&A

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The LOFAR – eFEDS survey: The incidence of radio and X-ray AGN and the disk–jet connection

Igo,

Merloni,

Hoang

et al. 2024

A&A

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Radio jets are present in a diverse sample of AGN. However, the mechanisms of jet powering are not fully understood, and it remains unclear to what extent they obey mass-invariant scaling relations similar to those found for the triggering and fuelling of X-ray-selected AGN. We use the multi-wavelength data in the eFEDS field observed by eROSITA/ Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) and LOFAR to study the incidence of X-ray and radio AGN as a function of several stellar mass ($M_*$)-normalised AGN power indicators. From the LOFAR - eFEDS survey, we defined a new sample of radio AGN, with optical counterparts from Legacy Survey DR9, according to a radio-excess relative to their host star formation rate. We further divided the sample into compact and complex radio morphologies. In this work, we used the subset matching to the well-characterised, highly complete spectroscopic GAMA09 galaxies ($0<z<0.4$). We release this value-added LOFAR - eFEDS catalogue$^*$. We calculated the fraction of GAMA09 galaxies hosting radio, X-ray, and both radio and X-ray AGN as functions of the specific black hole kinetic ($ Jet $) and radiative ($ Edd $) power. Despite the soft-X-ray eROSITA-selected sample, the incidence of X-ray AGN as a function of $ Edd $ shows the same mass-invariance and power law slope ($-0.65$) as that found in previous studies once corrected for completeness. Across the $M_*$ range probed, the incidence of compact radio AGN as a function of $ Jet $ is described by a power law with constant slope, showing that it is not only high mass galaxies hosting high power jets and vice versa. This slope is steeper than that of the X-ray incidence, which has a value of around $-1.5$. Furthermore, higher-mass galaxies are more likely to host radio AGN across the $ Jet $ range, indicating some residual mass dependence of jet powering. Upon adding complex radio morphologies, including 34 FRIIs, three of which are giant radio galaxies, the incidence not only shows a larger mass dependence but also a jet power dependence, being clearly boosted at high $ Jet $ values. Importantly, the latter effect cannot be explained by such radio AGN residing in more dense environments (or more massive dark matter haloes). The similarity in the incidence of quiescent and star-forming radio AGN reveals that radio AGN are not only found in `red and dead' galaxies. Overall, our incidence analysis reveals some fundamental statistical properties of radio AGN samples, but highlights open questions regarding the use of a single radio luminosity--jet power conversion. We explore how different mass and accretion rate dependencies of the incidence can explain the observed results for varying disk--jet coupling models.

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Accretion properties of X-ray AGN: evidence for radiation-regulated obscuration with redshift-dependent host galaxy contribution

Laloux,

Georgakakis,

Alexander

et al. 2024

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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We adopt a Bayesian X-ray spectral approach to investigate the accretion properties of unobscured ($20\lt \log (N_{\rm H}/{\rm cm}^{-2}\lt 22$) and obscured ($22\lt \log (N_{\rm H}/{\rm cm}^{-2}\lt 24$) active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to shed light on the orientation versus evolution scenarios for the origin of the obscuring material. For a sample of 3882 X-ray-selected AGN from the Chandra COSMOS Legacy, AEGIS, and CDFS extragalactic surveys, we constrain their stellar masses, $M_\star$, intrinsic X-ray luminosities, $L_{\rm X}$, obscuring column densities, $N_{\rm H}$, and specific accretion rates $\lambda \propto L_{\rm X}/M_\star$. By combining these observables within a Bayesian non-parametric approach, we infer, for the first time, the specific accretion rate distribution (SARD) of obscured and unobscured AGN to $z\approx 3$, i.e. the probability of a galaxy with mass $M_\star$ at redshift z hosting an AGN with column density $N_{\rm H}$ and specific accretion rate $\lambda$. Our findings indicate that (1) both obscured and unobscured SARDs share similar shapes, shifting towards higher accretion rates with redshift, (2) unobscured SARDs exhibit a systematic offset towards higher $\lambda$ compared to obscured SARD for all redshift intervals, (3) the obscured AGN fraction declines sharply at $\log \lambda _{\rm break} \sim -2$ for $z \lt 0.5$, but shifts to higher $\lambda$ values with increasing redshift, (4) the incidence of AGN within the theoretically unstable blow-out region of the $\lambda -N_{\rm H}$ plane increases with redshift. These observations provide compelling evidence for AGN ‘downsizing’ and radiation-regulated nuclear-scale obscuration with an increasing host galaxy contribution towards higher redshifts.

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Probing supermassive black hole growth and its dependence on stellar mass and star formation rate in low-redshift galaxies

Cited by 3 publications

References 153 publications

Comparative analysis of the SFR of AGN and non-AGN galaxies, as a function of stellar mass, AGN power, cosmic time, and obscuration

Comparative analysis of the SFR of AGN and non-AGN galaxies, as a function of stellar mass, AGN power, cosmic time, and obscuration

The LOFAR – eFEDS survey: The incidence of radio and X-ray AGN and the disk–jet connection

Accretion properties of X-ray AGN: evidence for radiation-regulated obscuration with redshift-dependent host galaxy contribution

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