The
binding interaction of a biocompatible water-soluble polycationic
two-photon fluorophore (Ant-PIm) toward human serum albumin
(HSA) was thoroughly investigated
under simulated physiological conditions using a combination of steady-state,
time-resolved, and two-photon excited fluorescence techniques. The
emission properties of both Ant-PIm and the fluorescent
amino acid residues in HSA undergo remarkable changes upon complexation
allowing the thermodynamic profile associated with Ant-PIm–HSA complexation to be accurately established. The marked
increase in Ant-PIm fluorescence intensity and quantum
yield in the proteinous environment seems to be the outcome of the
attenuation of radiationless decay pathways resulting from motional
restriction imposed on the fluorophore. Fluorescence resonance energy
transfer and site-marker competitive experiments provide conclusive
evidence that the binding of Ant-PIm preferentially occurs
within the subdomain IIA. The pronounced hypsochromic effect and increased
fluorescence enhancement upon association with HSA, compared to that
of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and other biological interferents, makes
the polymeric Ant-PIm probe a valuable sensing agent
in rather complex biological environments, allowing facile discrimination
between the closely related HSA and BSA. Furthermore, the strong two-photon
absorption (TPA) with a maximum located at 820 nm along with a TPA
cross section σ2 > 800 GM, and the marked changes
in the position and intensity of the band upon complexation definitely
make Ant-PIm a promising probe for two-photon excited
fluorescence-based discrimination of HSA from BSA.