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We analyzed Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer observations of 42 local $z type 1 active galactic nucleus (AGN) host galaxies taken from the Palomar-Green quasar sample and the close AGN reference survey. Our goal was to study the relation between the black hole mass ($M_ and bulge stellar velocity dispersion ($ for type 1 active galaxies. The sample spans black hole masses of \,M_ bolometric luminosities of $, and Eddington ratios of $0.006-1.2$. We avoided AGN emission by extracting the spectra over annular apertures. We modeled the calcium triplet stellar features and measured stellar velocity dispersions of $ $ for the host galaxies. We find stellar velocity dispersion values in agreement with previous measurements for local ($z AGN host galaxies, but slightly lower compared with those reported for nearby X-ray-selected type 2 quasars. Using a novel annular aperture correction recipe to estimate $ from $ that considers the bulge morphology and observation beam-smearing, we estimate flux-weighted $ $. If we consider the bulge type when estimating $M_ we find no statistical difference between the distributions of AGN hosts and the inactive galaxies on the $M_ plane for $M_ 10^8\,M_ Conversely, if we do not consider the bulge type when computing $M_ we find that both distributions disagree. We find no correlation between the degree of offset from the $M_ relation and Eddington ratio for $M_ 10^8\,M_ The current statistics preclude firm conclusions from being drawn for the high-mass range. We argue these observations support notions that a significant fraction of the local type 1 AGNs and quasars have undermassive black holes compared with their host galaxy bulge properties.
We analyzed Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer observations of 42 local $z type 1 active galactic nucleus (AGN) host galaxies taken from the Palomar-Green quasar sample and the close AGN reference survey. Our goal was to study the relation between the black hole mass ($M_ and bulge stellar velocity dispersion ($ for type 1 active galaxies. The sample spans black hole masses of \,M_ bolometric luminosities of $, and Eddington ratios of $0.006-1.2$. We avoided AGN emission by extracting the spectra over annular apertures. We modeled the calcium triplet stellar features and measured stellar velocity dispersions of $ $ for the host galaxies. We find stellar velocity dispersion values in agreement with previous measurements for local ($z AGN host galaxies, but slightly lower compared with those reported for nearby X-ray-selected type 2 quasars. Using a novel annular aperture correction recipe to estimate $ from $ that considers the bulge morphology and observation beam-smearing, we estimate flux-weighted $ $. If we consider the bulge type when estimating $M_ we find no statistical difference between the distributions of AGN hosts and the inactive galaxies on the $M_ plane for $M_ 10^8\,M_ Conversely, if we do not consider the bulge type when computing $M_ we find that both distributions disagree. We find no correlation between the degree of offset from the $M_ relation and Eddington ratio for $M_ 10^8\,M_ The current statistics preclude firm conclusions from being drawn for the high-mass range. We argue these observations support notions that a significant fraction of the local type 1 AGNs and quasars have undermassive black holes compared with their host galaxy bulge properties.
Outflows driven by active galactic nuclei (AGN) are seen in numerous compact sources; however, it has remained unclear how to distinguish between the driving mechanisms, such as winds and jets. Therefore, our study aims to offer observational insights from simulations to aid in this distinction. Specifically, in this paper, we investigate the evolution of wide-angled, moderately relativistic, magnetized winds and analyze their non-thermal radio emission and polarization properties. We find that the evolution of winds varies depending on factors such as power, density, and opening angle, which in turn influence their observable characteristics. Additionally, different viewing angles can lead to varying observations. Furthermore, we note distinctions in the evolution of winds compared to jets, resulting in disparities in their observable features. Jets typically exhibit a thin spine and hotspot(s). Winds manifest broader spines or an ‘hourglass-shaped’ bright emission in the cocoon, which are capped by bright arcs. Both display high polarization coinciding with the bright spine and hotspots/arcs, although these regions are relatively compact and localized in jets when compared to winds. We emphasize the importance of high resolution, as we demonstrate that emission features from both jets and winds can become indistinguishable at lower resolutions. The distribution of polarization is largely unaffected by resolution, though lower polarization becomes more noticeable when the resolution is decreased.
NGC 777 provides an example of a phenomenon observed in some group-central ellipticals, in which the temperature profile shows a central peak, despite the short central cooling time of the intragroup medium. We use deep Chandra X-ray observations of the galaxy, supported by uGMRT 400 MHz radio imaging, to investigate the origin of this hot core. We confirm the centrally peaked temperature profile and find that the entropy and cooling time both monotonically decline to low values (2.62 − 0.18 + 0.19 keV cm2 and 71.3 − 13.1 + 12.8 Myr, respectively) in the central ∼700 pc. Faint diffuse radio emission surrounds the nuclear point source, with no clear jets or lobes but extending to ∼10 kpc on the northwest–southeast axis. This alignment and extent agree well with a previously identified filamentary Hα + [N ii] nebula. While cavities are not firmly detected, we see X-ray surface brightness decrements on the same axis at 10–20 kpc radii, which are consistent with the intragroup medium having been pushed aside by expanding radio lobes. Any such outburst must have occurred long enough ago for lobe emission to have faded below detectability. Cavities on this scale would be capable of balancing radiative cooling for at least ∼240 Myr. We consider possible causes of the centrally peaked temperature profile, including gravitational heating of gas as the halo relaxes after a period of active galactic nucleus jet activity, and heating by particles leaking from the remnant relativistic plasma of the old radio jets.
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