Probing the usefulness of technology-rich bottom-up models in energy and climate policies: Lessons learned from the Forum project

Too complicated and impractical? An exploratory study on the role of energy system models in municipal decision-making processes in Denmark

“…Moreover, the results of energy system modelling may sometimes be misinterpreted [9,10] leading to either overreliance or non-usage by those who are outside of the modelling process, because information on assumptions applied and guidance for interpretation of outputs is missing [11]. Empirical studies show that models may hide the modellers' subjectivity, resulting in different policy recommendations if different tools are used [12]. Energy models, especially optimisation models, have also been criticized for insufficiently representing societal aspects, sustainability and energy transitions [13].…”

Diagnosing Barriers and Enablers for the Flemish Energy Transition

“…Such technology-rich, bottom-up models can be used for simulation and optimisation purposes [20][21][22][23]. Models can be represented by flowcharts, linking various processes by material and energy flows (e.g., an exogenously determined demand for steel is linked to different steel manufacturing processes, each with their own demand for specific energy vectors, resulting in specific emissions to the environment).…”

“…This means that, from all possible solutions to fulfil the final demand requirements, the combination is chosen that minimises the system's cost. In simulation models, technology uptake is determined from historical observations or based on ad hoc expert opinion [22].…”

How to model a complex national energy system? Developing an integrated energy systems framework for long-term energy and emissions analysis

“…Scenarios may be run to gain further insights into possible futures, given certain policy measures and assumptions. Laes and Johan (2014) discuss the relationship between policy makers and energy modellers. The impacts of energy efficiency and technology changes are also actively analysed with energy models.…”

“…There is also criticism regarding the effectiveness of energy models in supporting policy-making efforts. Most of these criticisms, according to Laes and Johan (2014), are due to undisclosed model assumptions and ineffective communication by the modellers about what kinds of studies are best suited for their particular model. Laes and Couder (2014) argue that it is critical for policy makers to understand the underlying assumptions, model structure, and data used to generate projections in order to achieve desired outcomes and clarify model results.…”