“…Ideal probiotics must survive the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract (low pH, high bile salt concentration) and effectively adhere to and colonize the mucosal tissue (Chauhan & Singh, 2019). Probiotic use in teleosts can promote growth (Adeshina et al, 2020; Eissa & Abou ElGheit, 2014; Hooshyar et al, 2020; Merrifield, Bradley et al, 2010; Merrifield, Dimitroglou et al, 2010; Standen et al, 2016), improve microbiome composition (Amoah et al, 2019; He et al, 2013; Standen et al, 2015), modulate immune systems (Adeshina et al, 2020; Akbari et al, 2021; Cordero et al, 2016; Hamdan et al, 2016; Hooshyar et al, 2020; Kahyani et al, 2021; Standen et al, 2016), provide disease resilience (Brunt et al, 2007; Kim et al, 2013; Robertson et al, 2000), improve intestinal histomorphology (Adeshina et al, 2020; Amoah et al, 2019; Standen et al, 2015), impart antioxidant benefits (Adeshina et al, 2020; Ahmadifar et al, 2020; Amoah et al, 2019; Eissa et al, 2018; Shukry et al, 2021; Tovar‐Ramírez et al, 2010), and ameliorate toxicity (Baralić et al, 2023; Dawood et al, 2020; Hu et al, 2021; Średnicka et al, 2021; Zang et al, 2019).…”