Probiotic Microorganisms Inhibit Epithelial Cell Internalization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A

Lam, Tina I.; Tam, Christina; Stanker, Larry H.; Cheng, Luisa W.

doi:10.3390/toxins8120377

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Moreover, SEM also showed that the US-made bacteria showed greater ability to adhere to IEC-6 cells. Considering that the non-specific binding of probiotic bacteria to cell wall constituents has been recently hypothesized as a potential mechanism underlying the ability of probiotics to block the accessibility of pathogen agents ( 37 ), the differences we have observed between the two bacterial formulations, although they require further investigation, appear intriguing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Efficacy and Safety of a Multistrain Probiotic Formulation Depends from Manufacturing

Trinchieri¹,

Laghi

Vitali

et al. 2017

Front. Immunol.

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BackgroundVariability in probiotics manufacturing may affect their properties, with potential implications for their efficacy and safety. This is of particular concern with probiotic products destined for use in patients with serious medical conditions, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The purpose of the study was to carry out a series of experiments comparing the properties of the US-made probiotic formulation originally commercialized under the brand name VSL#3®, with those of the Italian-made formulation now commercialized under the same name. The US-made formulation has previously shown beneficial effects at the intestinal and neurological levels in HIV-infected subjects as well as in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and hepatic encephalopathy.MethodsEleven subjects receiving combined antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 were treated for 6 months with the US-made VSL#3 formulation. At baseline and 6 months, T-cells were analyzed for phenotype and activation markers, and fecal samples were analyzed for bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and their metabolites. The fecal metabolome was assessed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Production of metabolites of interest by bacteria obtained from sachets of the two formulations was compared in vitro and their effects on a rat intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) were assessed. Particular attention was paid to the metabolite 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA).ResultsAt 6 months, fecal samples showed a significant increase in the specific bacterial genera contained in the probiotic supplement. Immune activation was reduced as shown by a significant reduction in the percentage of CD4+CD38+HLA-DR+ T-cells at 6 months. Fecal concentrations of DHA decreased significantly. In vitro, significant differences in the production and metabolism of DHA were found between bacteria from the US-made and Italian-made formulations: the US-made formulation was able to metabolize DHA whereas the bacteria in the Italian-made formulation were producing DHA. DHA reduced the viability of Streptococcus thermophilus, reduced IEC-6 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and also led to a lower rate of repair to scratched IEC-6 cell monolayer.ConclusionOur data, in conjunction with previously published findings, confirm that the new Italian-made formulation of VSL#3® is different from the previous US-made VSL#3 and therefore its efficacy and safety in HIV-infected subjects is still unproven.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Efficacy and Safety of a Multistrain Probiotic Formulation Depends from Manufacturing

Trinchieri¹,

Laghi

Vitali

et al. 2017

Front. Immunol.

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“…Non-toxigenic strains of C. butyricum have been used as probiotics to modulate the intestinal ecosystem [75] and suppress experimental colitis in mice [74]. Several different probiotic strains have also shown promising potential for directly blocking the epithelial internalization of botulinum neurotoxin type A in vitro, including Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG, and Lactobacillus reuteri [76]. Recently, the probiotic strain of Lactobacillus reuteri was used after antitoxin administration at a therapeutic dose of 1 × 10 9 bacteria daily for a case of infant botulism [77].…”

Section: Diagnosis and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult Intestinal Toxemia Botulism

Harris

Anniballi

Austin

2020

Toxins

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Intoxication with botulinum neurotoxin can occur through various routes. Foodborne botulism results after consumption of food in which botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia (i.e., Clostridium botulinum or strains of Clostridium butyricum type E or Clostridium baratii type F) have replicated and produced botulinum neurotoxin. Infection of a wound with C. botulinum and in situ production of botulinum neurotoxin leads to wound botulism. Colonization of the intestine by neurotoxigenic clostridia, with consequent production of botulinum toxin in the intestine, leads to intestinal toxemia botulism. When this occurs in an infant, it is referred to as infant botulism, whereas in adults or children over 1 year of age, it is intestinal colonization botulism. Predisposing factors for intestinal colonization in children or adults include previous bowel or gastric surgery, anatomical bowel abnormalities, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, antimicrobial therapy, or foodborne botulism. Intestinal colonization botulism is confirmed by detection of botulinum toxin in serum and/or stool, or isolation of neurotoxigenic clostridia from the stool, without finding a toxic food. Shedding of neurotoxigenic clostridia in the stool may occur for a period of several weeks. Adult intestinal botulism occurs as isolated cases, and may go undiagnosed, contributing to the low reported incidence of this rare disease.

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“…Therefore, there are two potential therapeutic pathways to block BoNT intoxication: (1) blocking binding/translocation at the intestinal epithelium/ target cells and (2) degradation or inactivation of the toxin It has been shown that pre-treatment with probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG, and Lactobacillus reuteri) was able to block toxin binding to cells in an in vitro Caco-2 cell culture model and that the mechanism most likely used by the probiotics was steric hindrance of binding to host receptors [96].…”

Section: Probiotics and Inhibition Of Bacterial Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Bacterial Infections

Tam¹,

Land²,

Cheng³

2020

Prebiotics and Probiotics - Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health

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Bacterial pathogens have developed exquisite virulence mechanisms to survive in the host cells. These virulence mechanisms help them bind and internalize into host cells, replicate, and evade the host immune response. The mammalian host itself has developed its own repertoire of weapons to prevent this from happening. One important component of host response in preventing infections in the gut lumen is the diverse commensal microbiota present. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been implicated in the development of many gastrointestinal diseases. A potential therapeutic pathway to solve these diseases would be by providing probiotics and/or prebiotics to help stimulate growth of the beneficial commensal bacteria. Here, we will present evidence of commensal microbiota imbalance in the development of disease as well as potential therapies to restore gut harmony.

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Probiotic Microorganisms Inhibit Epithelial Cell Internalization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A

Cited by 15 publications

References 59 publications

Efficacy and Safety of a Multistrain Probiotic Formulation Depends from Manufacturing

Efficacy and Safety of a Multistrain Probiotic Formulation Depends from Manufacturing

Adult Intestinal Toxemia Botulism

Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Bacterial Infections

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