Probiotic Oxalate-Degrading Bacteria: New Insight of Environmental Variables and Expression of the oxc and frc Genes on Oxalate Degradation Activity

Abstract

Oxalate, a compound produced by many edible plants and as a terminal metabolite in the liver of mammals, is a toxin that has a detrimental role to human health. Humans and other mammals do possess enzymatic systems to degrade oxalate. Moreover, numerous oxalate-degrading bacteria reside in the mammalian gut and, thus, provide an important function for hosts. The current review focuses on the environmental factors that influence the efficacy of probiotic oxalate-degrading bacteria, relative to oxalate metabolism. We describe the mechanism of oxalate catabolism and its consumption by obligate and facultative anaerobic oxalate-degrading bacteria, in both in vitro and in vivo environments. We also explore the environmental variables that impact oxalate degradation. Studies on single species degrade oxalate have not shown a strong impact on oxalate metabolism, especially in high oxalate conditions such as consumption of foods high in oxalate (such as coffee and chocolate for humans or halogeton in animal feed). Considering effective variables which enhance oxalate degradation could be used in application of effective probiotic as a therapeutic tool in individuals with hyperoxaluria. This study indicates probiotics can be considered a good source of naturally occurring oxalate degrading agent in human colon.

A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization using the gut microbiota to reveal potential therapeutic targets for primary sclerosing cholangitis

“…Oxalyl-CoA Decarboxylase (OXC) in the class Betaproteobacteria is a key enzyme in the catabolism of oxalate [30], which is closely associated with intestinal inflammation [31]. OXC can degrade oxalate in the gut, which facilitates the homeostasis of intestinal barrier [32] and thus avoids the occurrence of bacterial translocation. These findings provide a new idea for the treatment of PSC with probiotic supplementation.…”

Kidney Stone Prevention: Is There a Role for Complementary and Alternative Medicine?

“…The use of a mixture containing Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium, and bacteria with different rates of oxalate-metabolizing capacity, may contribute to the degradation of oxalate and the reduction in its excretion in urine [ 45 , 47 , 62 , 63 ].…”

Oxalate Homeostasis in Non-Stone-Forming Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review of Key Findings and Perspectives

“…Recent findings suggest that not only Oxalobacter formigenes ( O. formigenes ), but also various other oxalate-degrading bacteria (ODB), including Enterococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Bacillus spp., can break down oxalate, reducing its absorption and urinary excretion by 40% [ 18 , 19 ]. It is important to note that oxalate-degrading activity (ODA) is not limited to the aforementioned species but rather is shared among a large number of taxa influencing each other in a complex metabolic network [ 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

“…It is important to note that oxalate-degrading activity (ODA) is not limited to the aforementioned species but rather is shared among a large number of taxa influencing each other in a complex metabolic network [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. The primary mechanism by which ODB metabolizes oxalate is through the expression of oxalate decarboxylase (OxdC), an enzyme that converts oxalate into formate and carbon dioxide [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Some ODB also produce an oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase (Oxc), which can further degrade oxalate into glyoxylate and formate [ 18 , 20 ].…”

“…As described above, enzymes, such as OxdC and Oxc, have been found naturally in the gut microbiota [18]. Two promising oxalate-degrading enzymes, reloxaliase and Oxazyme ® , are currently under investigation as potential treatments for oxalaterelated diseases.…”