“…The beneficial effects of Lactobacillus as probiotics are not limited to the health of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and extend to conditions such as diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, cancer, dementia, Crohn’s disease, and constipation ( Plaza-Diaz et al, 2019 ). Probiotics produce organic acids (acetic acid, propionic acid, and lactic acid), aromatic compounds, diacetyl, hydrogen peroxide, antimicrobial substances, bacteriocins, and other unknown metabolites ( Barzegari et al, 2020 ; Bermudez-Brito et al., 2012 ; Cremon et al, 2018 ) that can inhibit several pathogens such as Clostridium difficile ( Shahrokhi & Nagalli, 2020 ), Vibrio parahaemolyticus ( Behera, Ray & Zdolec, 2018 ), carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli ( Chen et al, 2019 ), Klebsiella pneumoniae ( Chen et al, 2019 ), Listeria monocytogenes ( Kariyawasam et al., 2020 ), Staphylococcus aureus ( Melo et al, 2016 ), Salmonella enteritidis ( Sornsenee et al, 2021 ), and Helicobacter pylori ( Ji & Yang, 2021 ). Probiotics can lower cholesterol levels, boost the immune system, promote the secretion of immunoglobulin IgA, serve as antioxidants, exhibit antidiabetic properties, and suppress inflammation ( AlKalbani, Turner & Ayyash, 2019 ; De Marco et al, 2018 ; Singhal et al, 2019 ; Xu et al, 2021 ).…”