Probiotics and prebiotics for gastrointestinal infections

Novak, Joshua; Katz, Jeffry

doi:10.1007/s11908-006-0005-9

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…As treatment, probiotics have so far been used most for gastrointestinal disorders, especially antibiotic-associated diarrhea (52), but the possibility that they can alter extraintestinal immune function is suggested by the efficacy of feeding Lactobacillus rhamnosus in improving eczema in children (53), an effect that might be related to its induction of increased IFN-␥ production by PBMCs stimulated with phytohemagglutinin or Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (54). Other studies using the same Lactobacillus species have shown that feeding it to children with gastrointestinal inflammation (55) or IgE-associated dermatitis and cow's milk allergy (56) improves the clinical condition and increases the production of IL-10 and IFN-␥ by PBMCs.…”

Section: Altering Gut Flora To Alter Immune Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Manipulation of Immune Function for Asthma Prevention: Inferences from Clinical Trials

Yoo

Tcheurekdjian

Lynch

et al. 2007

Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society

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The "hygiene hypothesis" proposes that the increase in allergic diseases in developing countries reflects a decrease in infections during childhood. Cohort studies suggest, however, that the risks of asthma are increased in children who suffer severe illness from a viral respiratory infection in infancy. This apparent inconsistency can be reconciled through consideration of epidemiologic, clinical, and animal studies. The elements of this line of reasoning are that viral infections can predispose to organ-specific expression of allergic sensitization, and that the severity of illness is shaped by the maturity of immune function, which in turn is influenced by previous contact with bacteria and viruses, whether pathogenic or not. Clinical studies of children and interventional studies of animals indeed suggest that the exposure to microbes through the gastrointestinal tract powerfully shapes immune function. Intestinal microbiota differ in infants who later develop allergic diseases, and feeding Lactobacillus casei to infants at risk has been shown to reduce their rate of developing eczema. This has prompted studies of feeding probiotics as a primary prevention strategy for asthma. We propose that the efficacy of this approach depends on its success in inducing maturation of immune function important in defense against viral infection, rather than on its effectiveness in preventing allergic sensitization. It follows that the endpoints of studies of feeding probiotics to infants at risk for asthma should include not simply tests of responsiveness to allergens, but also assessment of intestinal flora, immune function, and the clinical response to respiratory viral infection.Keywords: asthma; gastrointestinal; lactobacilli; microbes; prevention The purpose of this review is to sketch the rationale for a theory of asthma's pathogenesis. The proposed theory is that asthma is caused, at least in part, by infection, especially in infancy, by a respiratory virus, most likely a human rhinovirus (HRV). The development of asthma may thus be a function of the "asthmagenic" pathogenicity of the strains of RV causing asthma in infancy and of the efficacy of antiviral immune function at the time of infection. This review notes how the validity of this theory might be examined by adding additional outcomes to ongoing trials of feeding a "probiotic," like Lactobacillus casei, to infants as a primary prevention strategy for allergic disease. Space constraint does not permit more than a brief, partial review

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Section: Altering Gut Flora To Alter Immune Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Manipulation of Immune Function for Asthma Prevention: Inferences from Clinical Trials

Yoo

Tcheurekdjian

Lynch

et al. 2007

Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society

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“…4 Myriad studies have indicated a relationship between intake of foods containing probiotics and various health benefits. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Unfortunately, these products may be underutilized due to a lack of public familiarity with probiotic products and low awareness of their benefits. It has been shown that following an education program, most participants show an interest in increasing intake of functional foods including yogurt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Knowledge and Beliefs Regarding Probiotic Use

Stanczak

Heuberger

2009

American Journal of Health Education

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Background: Although there is mounting evidence of the benefits of probiotics, many consumers are unaware of the definition of probiotics and are unable to state which foods contain these live microorganisms. Purpose: This study attempted to determine if participants were able to state the definition of probiotics, whether they utilize these products regularly and if they would consider consuming probiotics if it were recommended by a health professional. Methods: The subjects were evaluated via an 18-item questionnaire. A total of 335 surveys were returned completed. Results: This study demonstrates that 38.5% of respondents had heard of probiotics, but only 27.2% stated that they knew what probiotics are. Those participants who stated they knew what probiotics are were more likely to try them when recommended. Participants who were able to state the benefit of probiotics, consumed them in greater frequency. Discussion: The results of this study support the hypothesis that many consumers are unaware of the definition of probiotics and are unable to state which foods contain these live microorganisms. Translation to Health Education Practice: These results indicate a need for further education of the general public in regards to the definition, benefits, and sources of probiotics.

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“…Multiple laboratory studies have shown beneficial effects of Lactobacillus strains against single pathogenic bacterial strains in in vitro and in vivo systems [7,8] . During the last few years, there has been an exponential increase of clinical trial reports and reviews in the literature pertaining to the utility of probiotics in gastrointestinal and allergic diseases [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] . Many small studies utilizing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria have shown beneficial effects such as better weight gain and improved www.wjgnet.com feeding tolerance [22] in neonates, and efficacy against neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) [23][24][25] and sepsis [24] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotic bacteria change Escherichia coli-induced gene expression in cultured colonocytes: Implications in intestinal pathophysiology

Panigrahi

Braileanu

Chen

et al. 2007

WJG

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AIM:To investigate the change in eukaryotic gene expression profile in Caco-2 cells after infection with strains of Escherichia coli and commensal probiotic bacteria. METHODS:A 19 200 gene/expressed sequence tag gene chip was used to examine expression of genes after infection of Caco-2 cells with strains of normal flora E. coli , Lactobacillus plantarum , and a combination of the two. RESULTS:The cDNA microarray revealed up-regulation of 155 and down-regulation of 177 genes by E. coli . L. plantarum up-regulated 45 and down-regulated 36 genes. During mixed infection, 27 genes were upregulated and 59 were down-regulated, with nullification of stimulatory/inhibitory effects on most of the genes. Expression of several new genes was noted in this group. CONCLUSION:The commensal bacterial strains used in this study induced the expression of a large number of genes in colonocyte-like cultured cells and changed the expression of several genes involved in important cellular processes such as regulation of transcription, protein biosynthesis, metabolism, cell adhesion, ubiquitination, and apoptosis. Such changes induced by the presence of probiotic bacteria may shape the physiologic and pathologic responses they trigger in the host.

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Probiotics and prebiotics for gastrointestinal infections

Cited by 21 publications

References 58 publications

Microbial Manipulation of Immune Function for Asthma Prevention: Inferences from Clinical Trials

Microbial Manipulation of Immune Function for Asthma Prevention: Inferences from Clinical Trials

Assessment of the Knowledge and Beliefs Regarding Probiotic Use

Probiotic bacteria change Escherichia coli-induced gene expression in cultured colonocytes: Implications in intestinal pathophysiology

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