Probiotics Exhibit Strain-Specific Protective Effects in T84 Cells Challenged With Clostridioides difficile-Infected Fecal Water

Abstract

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is frequently associated with intestinal injury and mucosal barrier dysfunction, leading to an inflammatory response involving neutrophil localization and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The severity of clinical manifestations is associated with the extent of the immune response, which requires mitigation for better clinical management. Probiotics could play a protective role in this disorder due to their immunomodulatory ability in gastrointestinal disorders. We assessed five single-strain and three multi-strain probiotics for their ability to modulate CDI fecal water (FW)-induced effects on T84 cells. The CDI-FW significantly (p < 0.05) decreased T84 cell viability. The CDI-FW-exposed cells also exhibited increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production as characterized by interleukin (IL)-8, C-X-C motif chemokine 5, macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), IL-32, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily member 8. Probiotics were associated with strain-specific attenuation of the CDI-FW mediated effects, whereby Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-1079 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus R0011 were most effective in reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and in increasing T84 cell viability. ProtecFlor™, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 showed moderate effectiveness, and L. rhamnosus GG R0343 along with the two other multi-strain combinations were the least effective. Overall, the findings showed that probiotic strains possess the capability to modulate the CDI-mediated inflammatory response in the gut lumen.

Serum cytokine profiling reveals different immune response patterns during general and severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

“…All serum samples were applied to the cytokine detection kit (Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Inflammation Panel 1, 37-Plex, Bio-Rad) for the levels of cytokines. The experiment and adjustment of instrument were conducted following manufacturer instructions ( 28 ); the results were obtained by Milliplex Analyzer (Luminex 200) ( Table S1 ). Both the samples, quality controls and standards, were detected in two duplicates.…”

Potential of Bifidobacteriumlactis IDCC 4301 isolated from breast milk‐fed infant feces as a probiotic and functional ingredient

“…To accept a probiotic as a functional ingredient, a complete genome sequence of a target microorganism should be analyzed to identify the phenotype and genotype of the strain. It is important to identify the genus and species of probiotic strain because probiotic effects result from strain‐specific probiotic (Campana et al, 2017 ; Gaisawat et al, 2021 ; Kekkonen et al, 2008 ). A total of 19 types of probiotic species, which consist of five genera ( Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium , and Enterococcus ), have been approved as probiotics by the MFDS of Korea, based on WHO/FAO guidelines (Kim et al, 2020 ).…”

Strategies for applying probiotics in the antibiotic management ofClostridioides difficileinfection

“…At the same time, S. boulardii down-regulated eDNA in the C. difficile biofilm matrix through ‘cell-to-cell’ direct contact to inhibit the formation of the biofilm of C. difficile , which ultimately killed C. difficile and prevented recurrent infections. 35,36 However, there are individual clinical outcomes that are not ideal. Thomas et al found that L. rhamnosus GG did not reduce the rate of diarrhea.…”