“…Both management and academic activities benefited from insights emerging from external evaluation into changing demands on human, physical and information resources (Lemaitre, 2005; Zapata and Tejeda, 2009; Scharager and Aravena, 2010; Espinoza and González, 2011; CINDA, 2011; Lemaitre et al , 2012; Cancino and Schmaal, 2014; López et al , 2015; Rojas and López, 2016; López et al , 2019a; Duque, 2021). Ongoing problems include sensitivity to institutional diversity, the objectivity of processes and determinations, alignment of results with legal and economic definitions and administrative compliance’s working against the development of cultures of quality (Espinoza and González, 2019; Barroilhet, 2019; Barroilhet et al , 2021). Regulatory adjustments have followed, reflecting vibrant debates over the organisation and deployment of standards, among other issues, leading eventually to the enactment and implementation of new laws.…”