Problematizing “Activism”: Medical Volunteer Tourism in Central America, Local Resistance, and Academic Activism

Abstract

This paper critically examines epistemological, ontological, and axiological tensions of activism in three related contexts. These are, first, (primarily medical) volunteer tourism ideologies and practices in Central America, including U.S.-American teenagers volunteering in medical centers where, entirely untrained, they do sutures and injections, deliver babies, and help with amputations. Second, the paper considers and critiques local norms (e.g., widespread homophobia) and materials (e.g., the use of short-handled agricultural hoes) that may be discursively constructed as resistance to western imperialism. Finally, the critique turns back on the researcher gaze itself, problematizing the notion of academic activism in spaces, like these, where criticality itself is an imported—arguably luxurious—folly. Local people, it is apparent, do not want convoluted theorizing or Western hand-wringing; they want proper medical care. The paper therefore considers the extent to which academic work in such spaces can call itself activism at all. Three years of ethnographic research inform the paper (2013–2015, predominantly in Guatemala and Nicaragua), including hundreds of hours of interviews and participant observational fieldwork, in Spanish and English, with local stakeholders (e.g., teachers and homestay hosts) and Western volunteer tourists. The paper is theorized with reference to postcolonial theory, critical medical ethics, and liberation theology.

Interrogating Racialized “Cultural Authenticity” Discourses Among Language-Learner Tourists in Australia

“…The work of gathering and iteratively analyzing the data was undertaken between 2012 and 2019 by Phiona Stanley, who is a White, Scottish-Australian scholar and who was then working on a theorization of how intercultural competence develops in contact settings (see, e.g., Stanley, 2015Stanley, , 2017Stanley, , 2019Stanley & Vass, 2018). Since 2019, however, Phiona's reading, thinking, and theorizing have moved toward critical studies of tourism (e.g., Stanley, 2018Stanley, , 2020Stanley, , 2021Stanley, , 2022Wight & Stanley, 2022). The transcripts from the original study were thus re-analyzed-in 2020 to 2023to produce the present paper.…”