Problems Associated With Water Contaminated Jet Fuels

Schab, Henry W.

doi:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1960.tb02358.x

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The injection of water into cold fuel, resulted in rapid cooling and ice nucleation of the injected water. These water droplets were considered larger than those evolved from dissolved water which were reported to be on the order of 1μm (17)(18)(19) . Ice accretion and release in fuel… It has been cited in the B777 accident reports (2,8) that the United States Air Force (USAF) undertook research into the formation of ice in fuel.…”

Section: Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ice accretion and release in fuel systems

Lam

Woods²

2018

Aeronaut. j.

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Following the B777 accident at Heathrow in 2008, the certification authorities required Boeing, Airbus, and Rolls-Royce to conduct icing analysis and tests of their Rolls-Royce Trent engined aircraft fuel systems. The experience and the test data gained from these activities were distilled and released by Airbus to the EASA ICAR project for research and analysis. This paper provided an overview of the Airbus ice accretion and release tests. Brief narratives on the test rigs, the test procedure and methodology were given and key findings from the ice release investigations were presented. The accreted ice thickness was non-uniform; however, it is found typically c. $\mathrm{2\;\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}$thick. Analysis of the accreted ice collected from the rig tests showed the ice was very porous. The porosity is very much dependant on how the water was introduced and mixed in the icing test rigs. ThestandardAirbus method produced accreted ice of higher porosity compared to that produced by theinjectionmethod. The porosity of the accreted ice from Airbus icing investigations was found to be c. 0.90. The relationship of permeability with porosity was inferred from published data and models for freshly fallen snow in the atmosphere. Derived permeability$\mathrm{7.0\times 10^{-9}\;\mathrm{\mathrm{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{2}}}}$was then applied in the CFD analysis of pipe flow with a porous wall lining to determine the shear stress on the accreted ice. It showed that 25%, 50% and 75% of the accreted ice has interface shear strength of less than$\mathrm{15.3\;\mathrm{Pa}}$,$\mathrm{20.7\;\mathrm{Pa}}$and$\mathrm{26.1\;\mathrm{Pa}}$, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice accretion and release in fuel systems

Lam

Woods²

2018

Aeronaut. j.

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“…One of the common oxygenated compounds of jet fuel are the naphthenic acids, a mixture of cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl carboxylic acids. , Dissolved water is also a normal component of jet fuel, though the concentration depends on the chemical composition of the fuel, the temperature, and the air humidity. Free water can starve engines, support microbial growth, contribute toward corrosion, and furthermore freeze, risking blockages in aircraft filters . The SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (APR) 1401B covers a brief discussion of the icing problem in aircraft fuel systems and recommends standardized procedures for aircraft fuel systems or components icing tests .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Free water can starve engines, support microbial growth, contribute toward corrosion, and furthermore freeze, risking blockages in aircraft filters. 5 The SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (APR) 1401B covers a brief discussion of the icing problem in aircraft fuel systems and recommends standardized procedures for aircraft fuel systems or components icing tests. 6 The APR recommends using fuel with 90 ppm v/v of water for "Continuous System Operation" icing tests and fuel with 288 ppm v/v of water for "Emergency System Operation" icing tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Free water can starve engines, support microbial growth, contribute towards corrosion and furthermore freeze, risking blockages in aircraft filters [5]. The SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (APR) 1401B covers a brief discussion of the icing problem in aircraft fuel systems and recommends standardised procedures for aircraft fuel systems or components icing tests [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual Action Additives for Jet A-1: Fuel Dehydrating Icing Inhibitors

et al. 2016

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A novel approach for protecting jet fuel against the effects of water contamination based upon Fuel Dehydrating Icing Inhibitors (FDII) is presented. This dual-action strategy is predicated on the addition of a fuel-soluble water scavenger that undergoes a kinetically fast hydrolysis reaction with free water to produce a hydrophilic ice inhibitor, thereby further militating against the effects of water crystallization. Criteria for an optimum FDII were identified and then used to screen a range of potential water-scavenging agents, which led to a closer examination of systems based upon exo/endo-cyclic ketals and both endo- and exo-cyclic ortho esters. The ice inhibition properties of the subsequent products of the hydrolysis reaction in Jet A-1 were screened by differential scanning calorimetry. The hydrolysis products of 2-methoxy-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane demonstrate similar ice inhibition performance to DiEGME over a range of blend levels. The calorific values for the products of hydrolysis were also investigated, and it is clear that there would be a significant fuel saving on use of the additive over current fuel system icing inhibitors. Finally, three promising candidates, 2-methoxy-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2-methoxy-2-methyl-1,3-dioxane, and 2-methoxy-2,4,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, were shown to effectively dehydrate Jet A-1 at room temperature over a 2 h period.

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