Problems in the Classification of Cerebral Palsy in Childhood

Balf, C. L.; Ingram, T. T. S.

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4932.163

Cited by 58 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Their gait is obviously impaired. When the child has no basic antigravity postural control and/or is unable to walk, CP is classified as severe [14,15].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictability of cerebral palsy and its characteristics through neonatal cranial ultrasound in a high-risk NICU population

Himpens

Oostra²,

Franki

et al. 2010

Eur J Pediatr

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aim of the study is to evaluate the predictive value of various types of brain injury detected by ultrasound in the neonatal period for the occurrence of cerebral palsy and its characteristics in a large cohort of high-risk infants. Thousand twenty-one consecutively NICU-admitted high-risk infants were assessed up to the corrected age of at least 2 years. Cerebral palsy (CP) was categorised into spastic or non-spastic, bilateral or unilateral and mild, moderate or severe CP. Different types of brain injury were identified by serial cranial ultrasound (US) during the NICU stay: white matter disease (WMD), haemorrhage, cerebral infarction, deep grey matter and parasagittal cerebral injury. There is a significant overall association between different types of brain injury and gestational age. Only 4% of the children with normal US develop CP. In the presence of any abnormal US image, the likeliness to develop CP is at least seven times higher. Within the group of infants with WMD and haemorrhage, the degree of brain involvement has a clear impact on the occurrence of CP. Concerning the characteristics of CP, deep grey matter lesion predict non-spastic CP versus spastic CP (OR = 31, P < 0.001). Cerebral infarction and haemorrhage grade IV are strong predictors of unilateral spastic CP versus bilateral spastic CP (OR = 49 and 24, respectively, P < 0.001). Deep grey matter lesion is a significant predictor for severe versus mild and moderate CP (OR = 6). In conclusion, neonatal cranial US is a useful tool in predicting CP and its characteristics.

show abstract

“…Their gait is obviously impaired. When the child has no basic antigravity postural control and/or is unable to walk, CP is classified as severe [14,15].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictability of cerebral palsy and its characteristics through neonatal cranial ultrasound in a high-risk NICU population

Himpens

Oostra²,

Franki

et al. 2010

Eur J Pediatr

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The selected category was supplemented with a statement of the type of motor disorder: spastic, flaccid, mixed, athetoid, or ataxic. Harking back to Freud's argument that it was not possible to classify using aetiology, ingram preferred a system using neurological and topographical categories, supplemented with an indication of the severity using the terms mild, moderate, and severe (Balf and Ingram 1955). The Ingram classification separated hemiplegia, double hemiplegia, and diplegia from ataxic and dyskinetic categories.…”

Section: From 1900 To 2000mentioning

confidence: 99%

Definition and classification of cerebral palsy: a historical perspective

Morris

2007

Developmental Medicine &Amp; Child Neurology

198

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The definition of a diagnosis identifies explicitly which cases are to be recorded under that term and, by implication, which are to be specifically excluded. The definition is the basis for planning treatment and for counting cases in a population. Classification within a diagnosis categorizes those cases with similar characteristics together and distinguishes those cases with diverse features apart. The design of a classification system, for instance whether it is organized into nominal or ordinal categories, will vary depending on the concept being classified and intended purpose for which classification is being made. The most frequently cited definition of cerebral palsy was published by Bax (1964) as ‘a disorder of posture and movement due to a defect or lesion in the immature brain’. The label does however encompass a variety of syndromes and some, therefore, prefer the term cerebral palsies.

show abstract

“…By implication then, understanding of spastic perceptual inadequacy requires understanding of the mechanisms controlling visual activity in the optic pathway. This analysis also suggests that motor involvements in cerebral palsy are more obvious but perhaps much less important in diagnosis and understanding than most nosologists typically believe (3,19).…”

Section: Ca Correlations Much Lower Than Ours Occur When Ca Is Rmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Study Comparing Visual and Visual-Motor Perceptions of Unimpaired, Defective and Spastic Cerebral Palsied Children

Nelson

1962

The Journal of Genetic Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Problems in the Classification of Cerebral Palsy in Childhood

Cited by 58 publications

References 3 publications

Predictability of cerebral palsy and its characteristics through neonatal cranial ultrasound in a high-risk NICU population

Predictability of cerebral palsy and its characteristics through neonatal cranial ultrasound in a high-risk NICU population

Definition and classification of cerebral palsy: a historical perspective

A Study Comparing Visual and Visual-Motor Perceptions of Unimpaired, Defective and Spastic Cerebral Palsied Children

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About