Problems of potential weediness of soil in Ukraine
Abstract: The purpose. To determine the level of potential weediness of plowlands in the main soilclimatic zones of the country. Methods. Field and laboratory-sampling of soil on fields of Kyiv,
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Cited by 4 publications
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Goal. Carry out a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of different schemes of application of modern herbicides in maize crops. Methods. Field, phenological, statistical. Conducted spraying of corn crops to seedlings (ВВСН 00) with herbicides Adengo 465 SC, hp (thiencarbazone-methyl, 90 g/l + isoxaflutol, 225 g/l + cyprosulfamide, 150 g/l), 0.5 l/ha, Primextra TZ Gold 500 SC, (S-metachlor. 312.5 g/l + terbuthylazine, 187.5 g/l), 4.5 l/ ha, Merlin Flex Duo 475 SC, (isoxaflutop, 50 g/l + cyprosulfamide, 50 g/l + terbuthylazine, 375 g/l, 2.0 l/ha. After germination in the phase of 4—5 leaves (ВВСН 14—15) applied insurance herbicides Milagro 040 SC, (nicosulfuron, 40 g/l), Basis 75 v.g. rimsulfuron, 500 g/kg + thifensulfuron-methyl, 250 g/l), MаisTer Power OD (foramsulfuron, 31.5 g/l + iodosulfuron-methyl sodium, 1.0 g/l + thiencarbazone-methyl, 10 g/l + cyprosulfamide, 15 g/l), Laudis 30 WG, VG (tembotrione, 200 g/kg + isoxadifen-ethyl, 100 g/kg) and Stellar, RK (topramezone, 50 g/l + dicamba, 160 g/k) in the recommended consumption rates. The experimental plots were 1000 m2 in the first experiment, the recurrence of 3-fold and 25 m2 in the second experiment, the recurrence of 4-fold. Observations were made for meteorological indicators. Statistical processing of the results was performed according to computer «Statgraphic plus» programs. Results. Mixed type of segetal vegetation prevailed in the experimental plots. Among the perennial weeds dominated by Sonchus arvensis L., Cirsium vulgare Savi Ten., Convolvulus arvensis L., among annuals — Setaria glauca L., Setaria viridis L., Echinochloa crus-galli L., Polygonum convolvulus L., Calinsoga parviflora L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill.), Chenopodium album L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Thlaspi arvense L., Amaranthus retroflexus L. The application of pre-emergence herbicides effectively inhibited the growth and development of weeds. 60 days after application, the effectiveness of herbicides was 87—97% against cereals and 89—98% against dicotyledonous weeds, which did not require the application of insurance herbicides. During the critical periods of maize development, a sufficient level of soil moisture was recorded during the research years. After 60 days, the effectiveness of herbicides applied after crop germination was 65—95% against dicotyledonous and 65—92% against cereal weeds. The highest effect in killing weeds was provided by MaysTer Power, 1.5 l/ha, Laudis 30 WG, VG, 0.5 kg/ha + surfactant Mero, 2.0 l/ha and Stellar, RK, 1.25 l/ha + surfactant Metholate, 1.25 l/ha. The application of herbicides has significantly reduced the aboveground mass of weeds and increased crop yields. Maize grain yield from weed-protected areas was at the level of 8.0—9.7 t/ha against 4.1—4.9 t/ha in the control. Conclusions. Both herbicide application schemes under favorable weather conditions provide effective weed control of maize crops The efficiency of pre-emergence herbicides was at the level of 87—98%, post-emergence — 65—95%. At the same time, the reduction of aboveground mass of weeds was 75—95%, and crop yields increased by 1.6—2.2 times depending on the drug.
Goal. Carry out a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of different schemes of application of modern herbicides in maize crops. Methods. Field, phenological, statistical. Conducted spraying of corn crops to seedlings (ВВСН 00) with herbicides Adengo 465 SC, hp (thiencarbazone-methyl, 90 g/l + isoxaflutol, 225 g/l + cyprosulfamide, 150 g/l), 0.5 l/ha, Primextra TZ Gold 500 SC, (S-metachlor. 312.5 g/l + terbuthylazine, 187.5 g/l), 4.5 l/ ha, Merlin Flex Duo 475 SC, (isoxaflutop, 50 g/l + cyprosulfamide, 50 g/l + terbuthylazine, 375 g/l, 2.0 l/ha. After germination in the phase of 4—5 leaves (ВВСН 14—15) applied insurance herbicides Milagro 040 SC, (nicosulfuron, 40 g/l), Basis 75 v.g. rimsulfuron, 500 g/kg + thifensulfuron-methyl, 250 g/l), MаisTer Power OD (foramsulfuron, 31.5 g/l + iodosulfuron-methyl sodium, 1.0 g/l + thiencarbazone-methyl, 10 g/l + cyprosulfamide, 15 g/l), Laudis 30 WG, VG (tembotrione, 200 g/kg + isoxadifen-ethyl, 100 g/kg) and Stellar, RK (topramezone, 50 g/l + dicamba, 160 g/k) in the recommended consumption rates. The experimental plots were 1000 m2 in the first experiment, the recurrence of 3-fold and 25 m2 in the second experiment, the recurrence of 4-fold. Observations were made for meteorological indicators. Statistical processing of the results was performed according to computer «Statgraphic plus» programs. Results. Mixed type of segetal vegetation prevailed in the experimental plots. Among the perennial weeds dominated by Sonchus arvensis L., Cirsium vulgare Savi Ten., Convolvulus arvensis L., among annuals — Setaria glauca L., Setaria viridis L., Echinochloa crus-galli L., Polygonum convolvulus L., Calinsoga parviflora L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill.), Chenopodium album L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Thlaspi arvense L., Amaranthus retroflexus L. The application of pre-emergence herbicides effectively inhibited the growth and development of weeds. 60 days after application, the effectiveness of herbicides was 87—97% against cereals and 89—98% against dicotyledonous weeds, which did not require the application of insurance herbicides. During the critical periods of maize development, a sufficient level of soil moisture was recorded during the research years. After 60 days, the effectiveness of herbicides applied after crop germination was 65—95% against dicotyledonous and 65—92% against cereal weeds. The highest effect in killing weeds was provided by MaysTer Power, 1.5 l/ha, Laudis 30 WG, VG, 0.5 kg/ha + surfactant Mero, 2.0 l/ha and Stellar, RK, 1.25 l/ha + surfactant Metholate, 1.25 l/ha. The application of herbicides has significantly reduced the aboveground mass of weeds and increased crop yields. Maize grain yield from weed-protected areas was at the level of 8.0—9.7 t/ha against 4.1—4.9 t/ha in the control. Conclusions. Both herbicide application schemes under favorable weather conditions provide effective weed control of maize crops The efficiency of pre-emergence herbicides was at the level of 87—98%, post-emergence — 65—95%. At the same time, the reduction of aboveground mass of weeds was 75—95%, and crop yields increased by 1.6—2.2 times depending on the drug.
Goal. To study the reserves of weed seeds in the soil and to determine the influence of weediness of crops on the development and productivity of corn. Methods. Informational and analytical (collection of materials and analysis of literary sources), field and laboratory research (setting up experiments, soil analysis, monitoring plant development, determination of biometric indicators, accounting for the number of weeds, collection and determination of crop structure), mathematical and statistical (processing of research results). The design of the field experiment included weeded and weed-protected plots. Results. In the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, with intensive corn cultivation technology, the average number of weeds in the soil from emergence to row closure was at the level of 250—425 weeds/m2. Determining the number and species composition of segetal vegetation made it possible to establish that the corn crops are dominated by a mixed type of weediness with the dominance of annual dicotyledonous and grassy weeds. The number of dominant weeds at the beginning of the corn growing season in the experimental plots of NUBiP (Kyiv) was: Chenopodium album L. — 16 pcs./ m2, Amaranthus retroflexus L. — 23 pcs./m2, Portulaca oleracea L. — 78 pcs./ m2. In the fields of the agricultural station (Fastivskyi district), the dominant weeds were Polygonum convolvulus L., Setaria glauca L., Chenopodium album L., the number of which in the phase of 4—5 leaves was 32, 20 and 10 pcs./m2, respectively. Weeds significantly limited the growth of corn both in terms of plant height and development phases. In the phase of 9—10 leaves of corn in the weeded area, some types of weeds reached the height of the corn, accumulated a significant vegetative mass and began to form reproductive organs. The above-ground mass of weeds at the beginning of grain formation reached 995 g/m2. The pollution of the crops significantly affected the reduction of the corn yield and its structure. Conclusions. Significant reserves of weed seeds in corn crops cause the development of segetal vegetation during its growing season. The high competitiveness of weeds was manifested in the suppression of the growth and development of the culture and the formation of the crop. Weeds form a significant vegetative mass and reproductive organs at the beginning of the development of the corn grain. On weedy crops, the yield of corn decreased by an average of 32—35%.
Study of water exchange of weed and tomato plants in the process of joint vegetation
Goal. Study of indicators of water metabolism of weed and tomato plants in the process of ontogenesis. Methods. We used generally accepted methods of field and laboratory research (setting up experiments, monitoring plant development, recording the number of weeds, sampling, determining water exchange indicators) and mathematical and statistical (processing of research results). Indicators of water exchange (water deficit, water supply, water-holding capacity, transpiration coefficient) were calculated according to special formulas according to methodological instructions on plant physiology. Results. Dominant weeds in tomato crops during the growing season were (Setaria glauca L.), Echinochloacrus-galli L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Portulaca oleracea L., the number of which in the flowering-beginning of tomato fruiting phase was 85, 41, 27, 29 pieces/ m², respectively. In their competitive activity, weeds actively use water. During the cultivation of tomatoes and weeds in the greenhouse, the indicators of water exchange did not have significant differences. The moisture content of the leaves of the studied plants (Lycopersicon esculentum, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Chenopodium album and Setaria glauca) was at the level of 71.5—78.1%. Tomatoes were characterized by the highest water availability — 65.3%, and ragweed — 21.1% — the lowest. The intensity of transpiration in tomato leaves averaged 143.2 g/m2 per hour. The transpiration coefficient (TC) of plants was at the level of 400 (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) — 497 (Chenopodium album). In field conditions, transpiration processes were recorded in 8 types of weeds during the growing season of tomatoes from flowering to the end of fruiting. During this period, weed plants lost moisture from 2.5% to 23.1%, tomatoes — 23%. TC during the flowering period of tomatoes was 168—301, at the end of the growing season — 146—287, tomatoes were 200 and 158, respectively. Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Chenopodium album, Barbaréa vulgáris, Portulaca oleracea were characterized by the highest level of TC. A high TС of weeds indicates high competitiveness and significant pressure on tomato plants during the growing season. Conclusions. The water exchange of weed and tomato plants depended on the growing conditions. In greenhouse conditions, transpiration processes in weed and tomato plants had no significant differences. The water content in the leaves and the transpiration coefficient of the weed and tomato plants were almost at the same level. In field conditions, the indicators of water exchange of weed and tomato plants during the growing season underwent significant changes. The water content in plant leaves and TC decreased during the growing season. The transpiration coefficient of most weed plants prevailed over the TC of tomatoes, which indicates a higher competitive ability of segetal vegetation for water resources during the joint vegetation with the agricultural culture.
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