Problems of transition to civic governance in Eritrea

Bereketeab, Redie

doi:10.4324/9781315101361-11

Cited by 2 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…399–400). As such, the ethno-linguistically and religiously diverse territory began to develop a distinct identity that was not respected by treaties (Bereketeab, 2018, p. 158; Dias & Dorman, 2019, p. 397; Müller, 2019; Plaut, 2016, pp. 6–7).…”

Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28–30; Sudan in 1994, Yemen in 1995, Djibouti in 1996 and 2008, and Ethiopia in 1998–2000; Dias & Dorman, 2019, p. 413). It focused on developing peripheries (Reid, 2005) and internal state-building policies, including setting up administrative regions that disrespect ethnolinguistic borders (Bereketeab, 2018, p. 161). Similarly, it focused on a language policy intended to teach the population Tigrayan and their respective mother language to unify the population without erasing its ethnolinguistic identity (Dias & Dorman, 2019, p. 405).…”

Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This origin was later cemented by the national myth rooted in The Struggle—a period of conflict over independence with Ethiopia (Riggan, 2016, p. 8). It led the state to promote goals of self-reliance, clear demarcation of external borders, and identity-building rooted in development (Bereketeab, 2018, p. 159). Similarly, the connection with the population was developed practically via developmental policies and ongoing political reforms that would increase the stakes of the people on state development via increased representation.…”

Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nomos, Hostis, and War: State-Building Process and Armed Forces in Africa

Doboš

Mičko

2022

Armed Forces & Society

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State-building process in Africa appears in different conditions to those experienced on other continents. It is primarily characterized by the presence of fixed borders. The article repurposes evolutionary and identitarian theories on the development of political communities for the African realities. It highlights the necessity to develop policies creating territorial division between the population of the state and the external environment and utilizing armed forces for the protection of the state against such an environment for the state-building process to succeed. In cases of Eritrea, Senegal, and Burkina Faso, three hypotheses are being tested with an outcome that state-building process connected to the creation of Nomos does not have to be violent but requires a connection of the armed forces to the society. Once the division between the Nomos and the hostis develops inside of the state, such entities are not able to develop power projection capabilities inside their borders.

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Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nomos, Hostis, and War: State-Building Process and Armed Forces in Africa

Doboš

Mičko

2022

Armed Forces & Society

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“…International observers applauded the swift and successful formation of Eritrean state structures and achievements in the implementation of economic and developmental policies in its first decade (Bereketeab, 2007: 415; Hirt, 2001: 160). Today Eritrea is still considered a strong state, yet President Afeworki’s regime has long been heavily criticized due to its repressive political system violating fundamental human rights (Bereketeab, 2009: 108; Müller, 2012: 794).…”

Section: Victorious Armed Movements and The Formative Effects Of Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beyond food production, the EPLF’s business sector developed medical supplies for the health care system, educational material for schooling and clothes for the fighters, and a system of garages to support their war logistics (Hirt, 2001: 76–77; Iyob, 1995: 129–130). The enterprises of the liberation war continue to dominate the Eritrean economy and are tools of the EPLF/PFDJ’s state-led development policy (Bereketeab, 2009: 56–60, 174–178).…”

Section: Victorious Armed Movements and The Formative Effects Of Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making or un-making states: when does war have formative effects?

Jüde

2021

European Journal of International Relations

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“War made the state, and the state made war” is Charles Tilly’s famous dictum that has become highly influential both in comparative macrosociology and in International Relations. An extensive literature suggests that this mechanism has played a pivotal role in European processes of state formation. However, its applicability to warfare in the Global South is controversial. While some argue that the relationship remains the same, others are skeptical of the effects of the bellicist mechanism. Against the background of the debate as to whether war makes or un-makes states in the Global South, this paper examines the conditions under which wars have formative effects and result in state-making. Revisiting the war-making/state-making paradigm, I argue that the mode of economic reproduction of “wielders of coercion” determines whether war has formative effects. Wielders of coercion, or more specifically, non-state armed movements may draw on (1) rents, (2) indirect extraction, or (3) direct extraction to sustain their economic base and organize coercion. However, they institutionalize and develop into a state-like organization only when they rely on direct extraction. To support these claims, I conduct a plausibility probe drawing on evidence from highly successful armed insurgencies: Eritrea’s EPLF, Somaliland’s SNM, and Namibia’s SWAPO. In sum, the bellicist relationship remains valid for the Global South, even if the conditions under which war makes states are rare. A more nuanced reading of the bellicist theory improves our understanding of the dynamics of state formation and decay in the post-colonial world.

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Problems of transition to civic governance in Eritrea

Cited by 2 publications

References 1 publication

Nomos, Hostis, and War: State-Building Process and Armed Forces in Africa

Nomos, Hostis, and War: State-Building Process and Armed Forces in Africa

Making or un-making states: when does war have formative effects?

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