Proboscis musculature in the butterfly <i>Vanessa cardui</i> (Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera): settling the proboscis recoiling controversy

Krenn, Harald W.

doi:10.1046/j.1463-6395.2000.00055.x

Cited by 21 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Apart from the musculature of the maxillary palp, two small muscles originate on the stipes. In Micropterix one Krenn, 2000 Taxon TABLE 1. Systematic distribution of various galea musculature in studied Lepidoptera.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plesiomorphic functional role of the extrinsic galea muscle may indeed have been flexion of this endite (Kristensen, 1968). However in the higher Lepidoptera, this muscle is considered to be an elevator of the whole proboscis (Eastham & Eassa, 1955;Krenn, 2000;Wannenmacher & Wasserthal, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tiny proboscises of the most basal Glossata, viz., the Eriocraniidae, Acanthopteroctetidae and Lophocoronidae, contain only extrinsic galeal muscles (Kristensen, 1968;Nielsen & Kristensen, 1996). The intrinsic galeal musculature was found in previous studies to consist either of a few longitudinal strands in monotrysian moths (Kristensen & Nielsen, 1981a;Kristensen, 1984) or two series of obliquely arranged muscles in Ditrysia (e.g., Eastham & Eassa, 1955;Krenn, 1990Krenn, , 2000Krenn & Mühlberger, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Most studies of proboscis anatomy are confined to single species (e.g., Pradhan & Aren, 1941;Eastham & Eassa, 1955;Vasudeva, 1956;Krenn, 2000), and comparative studies are restricted to the Macrolepidoptera (Krenn, 1990;Krenn & Mühlberger, 2002). The present study focuses on the diversity of proboscis anatomy in the monotrysian Heteroneura and the "lower" Ditrysia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the anatomical design of the proboscis in higher Glossata, such as butterflies (e.g., Eastham & Eassa, 1955;Krenn, 2000), and its homology with the maxillary galeae are well-known (Philpott, 1927;Scoble, 1992), almost no studies have addressed the problem of the evolutionary origin of its components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of proboscis musculature in Lepidoptera

Krenn¹,

Kristensen²

2004

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. The suctorial proboscis of adult Lepidoptera represents a key morphological innovation that enabled these insects to gain access to new food sources. In the ancestral condition of the lepidopteran proboscis only extrinsic galeal muscles are present in the basal joint region. The presence of additional muscles (i.e., the intrinsic galeal muscles) is regarded as a morphological novelty of the Myoglossata that evolved after the galeae were modified to form suctorial mouthparts. The present comparative investigation of the galeal anatomy in representatives of all major taxa revealed that the intrinsic galeal muscles are derived from the basal galeal musculature. In the examined Neopseustoidea, Exoporia, Nepticuloidea, Incurvarioidea, and Tischerioidea all galeal muscles have their origin in the stipes-galea joint and/or in the proximal region of the galea. Two muscle units form the basal galeal musculature of the joint region and one to three longitudinal muscles extend into the galea lumen. Multiple intrinsic galeal muscles, of which both the origin and attachment sites are markedly distal from the basal joint region are regarded as a groundplan autapomorphy of the Ditrysia. Some slightly oblique muscles may occur along the lateral wall; these were lost in species with extremely slender galeae. In most investigated Obtectomera two series of intrinsic galeal muscles occur; these are the (1) oblique lateral intrinsic galeal muscles, which are arranged one upon the other along the lateral proboscis wall and (2) the median intrinsic galeal muscles, which run more or less longitudinally along the ventral wall. Oblique muscle arrangement probably evolved in concert with the functional demands of a long lepidopteran proboscis. A likely evolutionary pathway to account for the serial arrangement of galeal muscles is propo sed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%