Procedural sedation and analgesia in children

The observation of the sedation effects of intranasal methods of dexmedetomidine for magnetic resonance imaging in children

“…As it only requires stopping movements with low analgesia, so moderate sedation, namely conscious sedation, is mainly adopted. The medication method of out-patient examination for children is mainly orally taking or enema [3][4] , but due to the drug taste, operating techniques and the fear of a strange environment, orally taking or enema easily leads to crying and restlessness of children patients, so reasonable and comfortable way of medication is an important link for the sedation of children.…”

Percutaneous radiologically guided gastrostomy tube placement: comparison of antegrade trans-oral and retrograde trans-abdominal approaches

“…G-tube placement was then performed by either the antegrade or retrograde approach based on the attending interventional radiologist's preference. Three interventional radiologists preferred the antegrade approach, with a mean post-fellowship experience of 14 years (8,16, and 18 years); the remaining six interventional radiologists preferred the retrograde approach and had a mean post-fellowship experience of 14.3 years (1,2,3,8,27, and 45 years). In no case was a transoral approach planned and a transabdominal approach used instead; similarly, in no case was a transabdominal approach planned and a transoral approach used instead.…”

Intramuscular compared to intravenous midazolam for paediatric sedation: A study on cardiopulmonary safety and effectiveness

“…[6,7] It has no serious impact on hemodynamic status at a low dose (0.5 mg/kg), but good and excellent sedation has been observed only in 60-80% of patients. [2,8] Some studies have been conducted on effectiveness and cardiopulmonary safety of IV midazolam for pre-procedural sedation in comparison with other medications and they confirmed midazolam efficacy. [4,[9][10][11][12][13] There are serious concerns about its sideeffects, especially haemodynamic and cardiopulmonary imbalance; this issue has been more significant in injective type, especially in children.…”

“…Up to 80% of children have anxiety before surgical and medical interventions. [1,2] Their anxiety should be decreased because the stress due to low cooperation can decrease the quality of medical procedures. Although sedation helps patients to bear painful and unpleasant procedures, they can have several side-effects such as an imbalance in haemodynamic status.…”

“…Although sedation helps patients to bear painful and unpleasant procedures, they can have several side-effects such as an imbalance in haemodynamic status. [2] These drugs in children are associated with more complications than adults, especially in ED. [3] Now-a-days, non-intravenous (IV) medications such as intramuscular (IM) or intranasal medications are more considered in children because of more tolerance.…”