Procedure for analysis of phosphatidylcholine as a protozoal marker in ruminants

Neill, L; Dayrell, M. de S.; Kramer, J.; Ivan, M.

doi:10.4141/cjas92-084

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…John & Ulyat (1984) developed a method for determining PC and concluded that PC was a satisfactory marker for quantifying protozoal flow in naturally faunated sheep. Our modification of the method (Neill et al 1992) improved the PC recovery to 99•4 (SE 0•85) %. The use of PC as a protozoal marker to determine the flow of protozoal N assumes that any PC and protein liberated during the lysis of rumen protozoa is completely degraded by the rumen bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…N was quantified by flash combustion with gas chromatography and thermal conductivity detection (Carlo Erba Instruments, Milan, Italy), and 15 N enrichment was measured by flash combustion with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (VG Isotech, Middlewich, UK). PC was determined according to the method of Neill et al (1992). The concentrations of the digestive flow markers were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (SpectroCiros CCD; Spectro Analytical Instruments, GmbH and Co, Kleve, KG, Germany).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nutrient flow to the proximal duodenum was determined by mathematical reconstitution of the duodenal digesta based on the Co and Yb marker concentrations and the nutrient content of the solid and liquid fractions (Faichney, 1975). PC was used as a marker to calculate the duodenal flow of protozoal N (Neill et al 1992). The duodenal flow of PC in the FF group of sheep was subtracted from the duodenal flow of PC in the faunated sheep to correct for the flow of feed and endogenous PC.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Duodenal flow and digestibility in fauna-free sheep and in sheep monofaunated with Entodinium caudatum or Polyplastron multivesiculatum

Ivan

Koenig²,

Morgavi³

et al. 2006

Br J Nutr

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Three groups of five rumen and duodenum cannulated fauna-free sheep were used in a 28 d experiment. One group remained fauna-free, whereas the second (EN) and third (PP) groups, respectively, were inoculated intraruminally with the protozoan species Entodinium caudatum and Polyplastron multivesiculatum. Rumen fluid, duodenal digesta and faecal samples were collected during the last 12 d. The flow of digesta to the duodenum was determined using Yb and Co as dual-phase markers. 15 Nitrogen and phosphatidylcholine were used as markers to calculate the duodenal flow of bacterial and protozoal N, respectively. Results showed an increase (P,0·1) in the rumen concentration of NH 3 -N and total volatile fatty acids, and a decrease (P,0·05) in the duodenal flow of non-NH 3 -N and bacterial N in sheep with EN and PP monofaunas, compared with fauna-free sheep. There were no differences (P.0·05) in these variables between the two monofauna groups. Protozoal N accounted for 8 % of the duodenal non-NH 3 -N flow in the EN-monofaunated sheep, whereas no such flow was detected in the PP-monofaunated sheep. Apparent rumen digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were similar (P.0·05) in the monofaunated groups of sheep, but rumen acid detergent fibre digestibility was higher (P , 0·05) in the monofaunated than in the fauna-free groups. Experimental results suggested that, unlike EN, the PP monofauna might not contribute to the duodenal flow of microbial protein, whereas both monofaunas showed a virtually equal degree of predation on rumen bacteria. Entodinium: Polyplastron: Rumen ciliate protozoa: SheepThe present work builds on results from our previous experiments in this laboratory on N metabolism by individual or combinations of ciliate protozoal species established in the rumen of fauna-free (FF) sheep (Ivan et al. 2000a,b). These previous experiments showed that the rumen presence of each protozoal species or their combination decreased the duodenal flow of bacterial N, but to a different degree. In particular, the previous experiments established the magnitude of effects of the individual species of Isotricha intestinalis, Dasytricha ruminantium and Entodinium caudatum (EN) on the flow of non-NH 3 -N (NAN) components from the stomach to the intestinal tract of sheep. The effects on these components of combinations of other species and total fauna in both the type A and type B population (Eadie, 1962) were also established (Ivan et al. 2000a,b). However, owing to the methodology used in the previous experiments, the effects (including the protozoal flow of N) from the individual cellulolytic species of ciliate protozoa such as Polyplastron multivesiculatum (PP) could not be precisely established. It was, however, indicated that the magnitudes of the effects on the duodenal flow of bacterial N from individual cellulolytic protozoa species (PP, Epidinium ecaudatum or Entodinium maggi) in both types of population (A or B) were comparable, and such effects appeared to be similar to thos...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Duodenal flow and digestibility in fauna-free sheep and in sheep monofaunated with Entodinium caudatum or Polyplastron multivesiculatum

Ivan

Koenig²,

Morgavi³

et al. 2006

Br J Nutr

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“…15 N enrichment (atom % excess) was measured in feed, duodenal fractions, bacteria and protozoa by flash combustion with isotope ratio MS (VG Isotech, Middlewich, UK). Phosphatidylcholine in the duodenal fractions and protozoa was determined according to Neill et al 28 . The concentrations of the digesta flow markers (Yb and Co) were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (SpectroCiros CCD; Spectro Analytical Instruments, Kleve, KG, Germany).…”

Section: Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietaryEnterolobium cyclocarpumon microbial protein flow and nutrient digestibility in sheep maintained fauna-free, with total mixed fauna or withEntodinium caudatummonofauna

Koenig

Ivan

Teferedegne³

et al. 2007

Br J Nutr

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Three groups of five wethers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas and maintained as either fauna-free (FF) or inoculated with total mixed fauna (TF) or Entodinium caudatum as a single-species monofauna (EN) were used in an experiment with two 28 d periods. In the first period, the sheep were fed a control barley-based diet (40:60 concentrate to silage DM) and in the second period the diet was supplemented with 187 g DM of Enterolobium cyclocarpum for the last 12 d of the period. The diets of period 1 and 2 were isonitrogenous. There was no effect of fauna on apparent ruminal and total tract organic matter and fibre digestion, but bacterial and microbial N flow and efficiency were improved in FF sheep compared to TF sheep. In period 2, protozoal numbers were reduced between 31 and 88 % 2 h after feeding E. cyclocarpum for the third to twelfth day of supplementation and by an average of 25 % in samples collected over the 24 h feeding cycle. Supplementation of the diet with E. cyclocarpum and the consequent protozoal reduction in TF and EN sheep improved the flow of non-ammonia N and bacterial N to the small intestine and the efficiency of microbial synthesis. However, E. cyclocarpum reduced ruminal organic matter digestion, especially in faunated sheep, and total tract organic matter, N and fibre digestion. Thus, a reduction in the protozoal cell numbers of 25 % was sufficient to achieve the beneficial effects of reduced fauna on the bacterial protein supply, but diet digestibility was reduced.Enterolobium cyclocarpum: Reduced fauna: Ruminal ciliate protozoa: Microbial protein: Sheep Secondary metabolites are found in many plants and confer a mechanism of chemical defence against microorganisms, insects and grazing ruminants. Initial interest in feeding secondary plant metabolites to manipulate digestive function in ruminants began with identifying forages that could serve as cost-effective supplements for ruminants on poor-quality pastures or crop residues 1 . More recently, interest in the antimicrobial properties of secondary plant metabolites has diversified as the livestock industry strives to find natural alternatives to the use of growth-promoting antibiotics to maintain animal health and environmental sustainability 2 .Saponins are one type of secondary metabolites and occur as either triterprenoid or steroid aglycone structures linked to various carbohydrate moieties. The chemical structures of the saponins in Enterolobium cyclocarpum, a tropical multipurpose tree, are unknown 3 , but other saponin-containing plants of the Leguminosae family generally have saponins of a triterprenoid-type structure 4 . One of the mechanisms of action of saponins that may be of beneficial importance in ruminant nutrition is the antiprotozoal activity. The detrimental effects of saponins on ciliate protozoa are thought to be due to binding of the saponin with sterols present on the protozoal membrane surface causing cell rupture 3 . Removal of ruminal ciliate protozoa either completely, partially or selectively by specific ge...

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Intermediate metabolites and molecular correlates of one‑carbon and nutrient metabolism differ in tissues from Holstein fetuses

Aboragah,

Sherlock,

Wichasit

et al. 2023

Research in Veterinary Science

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Procedure for analysis of phosphatidylcholine as a protozoal marker in ruminants

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

Duodenal flow and digestibility in fauna-free sheep and in sheep monofaunated with Entodinium caudatum or Polyplastron multivesiculatum

Duodenal flow and digestibility in fauna-free sheep and in sheep monofaunated with Entodinium caudatum or Polyplastron multivesiculatum

Effect of dietaryEnterolobium cyclocarpumon microbial protein flow and nutrient digestibility in sheep maintained fauna-free, with total mixed fauna or withEntodinium caudatummonofauna

Intermediate metabolites and molecular correlates of one‑carbon and nutrient metabolism differ in tissues from Holstein fetuses

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