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The construction of a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) model for the composite motion of the actual mechanical structure (defined as an all-true composite motion model) of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a prerequisite for achieving stable control of rotorcraft UAVs. Therefore, this paper proposes a construction approach for a nonlinear 6-DOF model of quadrotor and dual-rotor coaxial UAVs based on all-true composite motion. Two types of attitude–altitude control systems for rotorcraft based on a self-optimizing intelligent proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control method are constructed. Three-dimensional geometric models of the two rotorcraft types, incorporating their physical characteristics, are built. The attitude responses to different pulse width modulation (PWM) inputs are tested, thereby verifying the accuracy of the all-true composite model and analyzing the stability of the two types of UAVs. Furthermore, two types of attitude–altitude control inner loop controllers are designed, and the intelligent PID control algorithm is used to optimize the control parameters. Further verification of the robustness of the optimized parameters is carried out, and the designed attitude controllers are verified via experiment using a turntable. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed all-true composite motion model and controller design method can accurately simulate the dynamic characteristics of the two types of UAVs and maintain stable attitude control, thus providing a valuable reference for the accurate attitude control of rotorcraft UAVs based on all-true composite motion.
The construction of a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) model for the composite motion of the actual mechanical structure (defined as an all-true composite motion model) of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a prerequisite for achieving stable control of rotorcraft UAVs. Therefore, this paper proposes a construction approach for a nonlinear 6-DOF model of quadrotor and dual-rotor coaxial UAVs based on all-true composite motion. Two types of attitude–altitude control systems for rotorcraft based on a self-optimizing intelligent proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control method are constructed. Three-dimensional geometric models of the two rotorcraft types, incorporating their physical characteristics, are built. The attitude responses to different pulse width modulation (PWM) inputs are tested, thereby verifying the accuracy of the all-true composite model and analyzing the stability of the two types of UAVs. Furthermore, two types of attitude–altitude control inner loop controllers are designed, and the intelligent PID control algorithm is used to optimize the control parameters. Further verification of the robustness of the optimized parameters is carried out, and the designed attitude controllers are verified via experiment using a turntable. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed all-true composite motion model and controller design method can accurately simulate the dynamic characteristics of the two types of UAVs and maintain stable attitude control, thus providing a valuable reference for the accurate attitude control of rotorcraft UAVs based on all-true composite motion.
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is one of the global health issues causing high mortality. Hence, timely and agile detection of such arrests and immediate defibrillation support to SCA victims is of the utmost importance. An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a medical device used to treat patients suffering from SCA by delivering an electric shock. An AED implements the machine learning (ML)- or deep learning (DL)-based approach to detect whether the patient needs an electric shock and then automates the shock if needed. However, the effectiveness of these models has relied on the availability of well-balanced data in class distribution. Due to privacy concerns, collecting sufficient data is more challenging in the medical domain. Generative adversarial networks (GAN) have been successfully used to create synthetic data and are far better than standard oversampling techniques in maintaining the original data’s probability distribution. We, therefore, proposed a GAN-based DL approach, external classifier–Wasserstein conditional generative adversarial network (EC–WCGAN), to detect the shockable rhythms in an AED on an imbalanced ECG dataset. Our experiments demonstrate that the classifier trained with real and generated data via the EC–WCGAN significantly improves the performance metrics on the imbalanced dataset. Additionally, the WCGAN for generating synthetic data outperformed the standard oversampling technique, such as adaptive synthetic (ADASYN). In addition, our model achieved a high sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score (more than 99%) and a low balanced error rate (0.005) on the balanced 4-s segmented public Holter databases, meeting the American Health Association criteria for AEDs.
In this paper, a loop shaping controller design methodology for single input and a single output (SISO) system is proposed. The theoretical background for this approach is based on complex elliptic functions which allow a flexible design of a SISO controller considering that elliptic functions have a double periodicity. The gain and phase margins of the closed-loop system can be selected appropriately with this new loop shaping design procedure. The loop shaping design methodology consists of implementing suitable filters to obtain a desired frequency response of the closed-loop system by selecting appropriate poles and zeros by the Abel theorem that are fundamental in the theory of the elliptic functions. The elliptic function properties are implemented to facilitate the loop shaping controller design along with their fundamental background and contributions from the complex analysis that are very useful in the automatic control field. Finally, apart from the filter design, a PID controller loop shaping synthesis is proposed implementing a similar design procedure as the first part of this study.
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