Process Analytical Chemistry

Workman, Jerry; Veltkamp, David J.; Doherty, Steve; Anderson, Brian B.; Creasy, Ken E.; Koch, Mel; Tatera, J. F.; Robinson, Alex Lockwood; Bond, Leonard J.; Burgess, Lloyd W.; Bokerman, Gary N.; Ullman, Alan H.; Darsey, Gary P.; Mozayeni, Foad; Bamberger, Judith Ann; Greenwood, Margaret S.

doi:10.1021/a1990007s

Cited by 108 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 687 publications

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“…On space missions, this performance is exploited along with peak stepping to enable faster data acquisition and telemetry rates than conventional scanning while preserving as much of the original peak shape as possible. The peaks due to COS, SO 2 , and Kr are due to carryover from previous analyses of gas standards containing those species. It should be noted that the instrument flown to Venus re-entered the atmosphere in 1992 and was still functional-this after a time span of 14 years!…”

Section: Pioneer Venus Probementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These instruments were enthusiastically marketed and sold by a variety of instrument manufacturers. Recent research and engineering advances have led to further reductions in the size of mass spectrometers and resulted in the development of new ones based on novel approaches [1][2][3]. Although these miniaturized mass spectrometers have not been embraced by the major instrument manufacturers because of perceptions of limited markets and/or profit margins, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has supported their development because of its need for small, analytically powerful instruments to further its goals for the exploration of space.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mass spectrometry in the U.S. space program: Past, present, and future

Palmer

Limero

2001

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Recent years have witnessed significant progress on the miniaturization of mass spectrometers for a variety of field applications. This article describes the development and application of mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation to support of goals of the U.S. space program. Its main focus is on the two most common space-related applications of MS: studying the composition of planetary atmospheres and monitoring air quality on manned space missions. Both sets of applications present special requirements in terms of analytical performance (sensitivity, selectivity, speed, etc.), logistical considerations (space, weight, and power requirements), and deployment in perhaps the harshest of all possible environments (space). The MS instruments deployed on the Pioneer Venus and Mars Viking Lander missions are reviewed for the purposes of illustrating the unique features of the sample introduction systems, mass analyzers, and vacuum systems, and for presenting their specifications which are impressive even by today's standards. The various approaches for monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in cabin atmospheres are also reviewed. In the past, ground-based GC/MS instruments have been used to identify and quantify VOCs in archival samples collected during the Mercury, Apollo, Skylab, Space Shuttle, and Mir missions. Some of the data from the more recent missions are provided to illustrate the composition data obtained and to underscore the need for instrumentation to perform such monitoring in situ. Lastly, the development of two emerging technologies, Direct Sampling Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (DSITMS) and GC/Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC/IMS), will be discussed to illustrate their potential utility for future missions. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2001, 12, 656 -675)

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Section: Pioneer Venus Probementioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Mass spectrometry in the U.S. space program: Past, present, and future

Palmer

Limero

2001

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…Parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate are of typical interest of engineering process [2]. However, the monitoring of gaseous species yielded during the chemical processes could become mandatory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Italian ZECOMIX Platform: CO<sub>2</sub> Capture on Calcined Dolomite in Fluidized Bed Carbonator Unit

Scaccia¹,

Stendardo²,

Vanga³

et al. 2014

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The Italian Zecomix platform is a gasification pilot-scale plant integrated CCS technology, whose flexibility allows operating each unit alone. For quantitative analysis of the gaseous species an analytical system based on commercially available instruments and sampling lines at various points of plant was properly designed. A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric (FTIR) with portable low resolution and gas chromatographic tools were used. The fluidized bed calciner/ carbonator unit was fed with naturally occurring dolomite (about 300 kg) from quarry of Biella (Italy) and tested for CO2 capture. Carbonation reaction was conducted at around 700˚C under simulated reformed synthesis gas containing 30% of CO2. Based on GC and FTIR results a CO2 retention better than 70% was achieved. The application of grain model establishing the carbonation reaction was kinetically controlled within 50 seconds and the reaction rate constant was comparable to that obtained at laboratory-scale level by thermogravimetric analyzer.

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“…Among the advantages of NIR analysis, it can be mentioned that NIR is nondestructive, fast, and can be performed remotely through optical bers-factors that make NIR analysis particularly useful for process analysis. 7 In addition, spectroscopic analysis of solids may offer probing of solid state properties such as crystallinity and sample density, parameters that are entirely lost by chromatography and other wet-chemistry methods. The discussion here is con ned to pharmaceutical tablets; however, the method reported in this paper is applicable for other types of turbid samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Resolved NIR/Vis Spectroscopy for Analysis of Solids: Pharmaceutical Tablets

et al. 2002

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Time-resolved spectroscopy in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions was used in a feasibility study for analysis of solid pharmaceuticals. The objective of the experiments was to study the interaction of light with pharmaceutical solids and to investigate the usefulness of the method as an analytical tool for spectroscopic analysis. In these experiments, a pulsed Ti:sapphire laser and white light generation in water was utilized to form a pulsed light source in the visible/NIR region. The light was focused onto the surface of tablets, and the transmitted light was detected by a time-resolving streak camera. Two types of measurements were performed. First, a spectrometer was put in front of the streak camera for spectral resolution. Secondly, the signal originating from different locations of the sample was collected. Time-resolved and wavelength/spatially resolved data were generated and compared for a number of different samples. The most striking result from the experiments is that the typical optical path length through a 3.5-mm-thick tablet is about 20–25 cm. This indicates very strong multiple scattering in these samples. Monte Carlo simulations and comparison with experimental data support very high scattering coefficients on the order of 500 cm−1. Furthermore, the data evaluation shows that photons with a particular propagation time through the sample contain a higher chemical contrast than other propagation times or than steady-state information. In conclusion, time-resolved NIR spectroscopy yields more information about solid pharmaceutical samples than conventional steady-state spectroscopy.

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Process Analytical Chemistry

Cited by 108 publications

References 687 publications

Mass spectrometry in the U.S. space program: Past, present, and future

Mass spectrometry in the U.S. space program: Past, present, and future

The Italian ZECOMIX Platform: CO<sub>2</sub> Capture on Calcined Dolomite in Fluidized Bed Carbonator Unit

Time-Resolved NIR/Vis Spectroscopy for Analysis of Solids: Pharmaceutical Tablets

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Process Analytical Chemistry

Cited by 108 publications

References 687 publications

Mass spectrometry in the U.S. space program: Past, present, and future

Mass spectrometry in the U.S. space program: Past, present, and future

The Italian ZECOMIX Platform: CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Capture on Calcined Dolomite in Fluidized Bed Carbonator Unit

Time-Resolved NIR/Vis Spectroscopy for Analysis of Solids: Pharmaceutical Tablets

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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The Italian ZECOMIX Platform: CO<sub>2</sub> Capture on Calcined Dolomite in Fluidized Bed Carbonator Unit