Process Control in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators: Survey and Assessment

Asri, R. el; Baxter, David

doi:10.1177/0734242x04044352

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…3) is used for process modelling and to assess the effects of different grate types in combination with parameters for waste and air feeds on subsequent combustion behaviour. Combustion control methods for waste incineration plants have been reviewed 13 and have been incorporated into a major European project scheduled for completion in 2010. 14 …”

Section: Achieving Complete Combustion In Initial Stages Of Boilermentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting energy efficiency of waste to energy plants

Baxter¹

2007

Energy Materials

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Improvement of the energy efficiency of waste to energy (WtE) plants demands closer attention to detail in order plant integrity is not compromised. Availability for operation of WtE plants of .90% is a basic requirement to ensure the continuous supply of waste can be managed without the need for excessive storage or unnecessary transport. The drive to increase energy efficiency comes from the need of plant operators to maximise economic income, but also from European targets to meet the challenges of climate change and security of energy supply. Energy efficiency in WtE plants is reviewed based on experiences in Europe. While in the 1990s the emphasis for WtE operators was reducing emissions, more recently major efforts have been made to increase the export of energy. In the main, this has been approached by increasing steam temperature. However, the subsequent rate of corrosion can be catastrophically high and there is thus a need to improve corrosion resistance of heat exchange components to achieve acceptable service lifetimes. Trials have been conducted using more corrosion resistant boiler steels, but the preference is now for use of corrosion resistant coatings and claddings (e.g. alloy 625) to ensure plant reliability. Spray coating and weld cladding techniques are described. Other energy efficiency improvement methods described include online boiler cleaning, inhibiting fouling, achieving complete combustion and optimising flue gas cleaning (to reduce plant internal energy consumption). From what was until recently considered a good net efficiency of electricity production of 18%, measures being taken aim to achieve 30% in the most optimistic case.

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Section: Achieving Complete Combustion In Initial Stages Of Boilermentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting energy efficiency of waste to energy plants

Baxter¹

2007

Energy Materials

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“…Individual country policies have influenced the level of diversion and the technology preferred for this diversion. Incineration is not widely used because of issues of atmospheric emissions and the fact that the high moisture content of UOW reduces the caloric value of the process (Zsigraiová et al 2005;El Asri & Baxter 2004;Marton & Alwast 2002;Environment Canada, 2009). While in the EUG1 countries, 21 % of all MSW was incinerated in 2005, less than 6 % was treated by this process in the EUG2 and Canada (EEA, 2009).…”

Section: European and Canadian Uow Management Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Home and community composting for on-site treatment of urban organic waste: perspective for Europe and Canada

et al. 2010

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Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a challenge faced by urban centres worldwide, including the European Union (EU) and Canada, as a result of urbanization and economic prosperity accelerating the generation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) along with its organic fraction. Within a concept of waste recovery, source separation and on-site treatment of urban organic waste (UOW) can resolve major economic issues and faced by urban centres along with environmental and social issues associated with landfilling. In this context and as compared to the traditional landfilling practice (Base Sce), this paper examines on-site UOW composting strategies using a combination of centralized composting facilities (CCF), community composting centres (CCC) and home composting (HC) (Sce 1, 2 and 3). This study consists of a feasibility and economic study based on available data and waste management costs. This study indicates that on-site treatment of UOW using practices such as home and community composting can lower management costs by 50, 37 and 34 % for the rich European countries (annual GDP over $25000 US), the poorer European countries (annual GDP under $25000 US), and Canada, respectively. Furthermore, on-site composting can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 40 % for Europe and Canada, despite gas capture practices on landfill sites.However, the performance of home composters and the quality of the compost products are issues to be further addressed for the successful implementation of UOW on-site composting.

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“…Garry Steil and his colleagues have been instrumental in conceptualizing and testing PID algorithms for closed loop control. Before examining their data, it will be instructive to review the fundamentals of PID control, an engineering concept which has been widely used in industrial settings [18,19]. Regarding closed loop treatment of diabetes, the PID control system has recently shown great success, especially when a portion of the estimated meal insulin is given before the meal.…”

Section: Proportional-integral-derivative (Pid) Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Closed-Loop Algorithms for Glycemic Control in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

2009

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With the discovery of insulin came a deeper understanding of therapeutic options for one of the most devastating chronic diseases of the modern era, diabetes mellitus. The use of insulin in the treatment of diabetes, especially in those with severe insulin deficiency (type 1 diabetes), with multiple injections or continuous subcutaneous infusion, has been largely successful, but the risk for short term and long term complications remains substantial. Insulin treatment decisions are based on the patient’s knowledge of meal size, exercise plans and the intermittent knowledge of blood glucose values. As such, these are open loop methods that require human input. The idea of closed loop control of diabetes treatment is quite different: automated control of a device that delivers insulin (and possibly glucagon or other medications) and is based on continuous or very frequent glucose measurements. Closed loop insulin control for type 1 diabetes is not new but is far from optimized. The goal of such a system is to avoid short-term complications (hypoglycemia) and long-term complications (diseases of the eyes, kidneys, nerves and cardiovascular system) by mimicking the normal insulin secretion pattern of the pancreatic beta cell. A control system for automated diabetes treatment consists of three major components, (1) a glucose sensing device that serves as the afferent limb of the system; (2) an automated control unit that uses algorithms which acquires sensor input and generates treatment outputs; and (3) a drug delivery device (primarily for delivery of insulin), which serves as the system’s efferent limb. There are several major issues that highlight the difficulty of interacting with the complex unknowns of the biological world. For example, development of accurate continuous glucose monitors is crucial; the state of the art in 2009 is that such devices sometimes experience drift and are intended only to supplement information received from standard intermittent blood glucose data. In addition, it is important to acknowledge that an “automated” closed loop pancreas cannot approach the complexity of the normal human endocrine pancreas, which takes continuous data from substrates, hormones, paracrine compounds and autonomic neural inputs, and in response, secretes four hormones. Another major issue is the substantial absorption/action delay of insulin given by the subcutaneous route. Because of this delay, some researchers have recently given a portion of the meal-related insulin in an open loop manner before the meal and found this hybrid approach to be superior to closed loop control. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) systems adapted from the industrial sector utilize control algorithms that alter output based on proportional (difference between actual and target levels), derivative (rate of change) and integral (time-related summative) errors in glucose. These algorithms have proven to be very promising in limited clinical trials. Related algorithms include a “fading memory” system that combines the proportion...

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Process Control in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators: Survey and Assessment

Cited by 17 publications

References 4 publications

Factors affecting energy efficiency of waste to energy plants

Factors affecting energy efficiency of waste to energy plants

Home and community composting for on-site treatment of urban organic waste: perspective for Europe and Canada

A Review of Closed-Loop Algorithms for Glycemic Control in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

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