Process evaluation of swing strategies to recover N-ethylbutylamine after wet lipid extraction from microalgae

The high operating cost is currently a limitation to industrialize microbial lipids production by the yeast Lipomyces starkeyi. To explore economic fermentation technology, the two-stage fermentation of Lipomyces starkeyi using yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) medium, orange peel (OP) hydrolysate medium, and their mixed medium were investigated for seven days by monitoring OD600 values, pH values, cell growth status, C/N ratios, total carbon concentration, total nitrogen concentration, residual sugar concentration, lipid content, lipid titer, and fatty acids profiles of lipids. The results showed that two-stage fermentation with YPD and 50% YPD + 50% OP medium contributed to lipid accumulation, leading to larger internal lipid droplets in the yeast cells. However, the cells in pure OP hydrolysate grew abnormally, showing skinny and angular shapes. Compared to the one-stage fermentation, the two-stage fermentation enhanced lipid contents by 18.5%, 27.1%, and 21.4% in the flasks with YPD medium, OP medium, and 50%YPD + 50%OP medium, and enhanced the lipid titer by 77.8%, 13.6%, and 63.0%, respectively. The microbial lipids obtained from both one-stage and two-stage fermentation showed no significant difference in fatty acid compositions, which were mainly dominated by palmitic acid (33.36–38.43%) and oleic acid (46.6–48.12%). Hence, a mixture of commercial medium and lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate could be a promising option to balance the operating cost and lipid production.

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“…To obtain the lipid weight, the intracellular lipid was extracted by the previously reported lipid extraction method [ 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Stage Fermentation of Lipomyces starkeyi for Production of Microbial Lipids and Biodiesel

et al. 2021

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“…After extraction, the lipids can be recovered from the lipidloaded amine phase via bubbling CO 2 . Alternatively, for the secondary amine ethylbutyl amine, phase splitting by cooling below the lower critical solution temperature was found to be energetically more interesting (123). Along with extracting hydrophobic lipids with the more hydrophobic form of the switchable solvents, the solvent can also be switched prior to extraction, allowing for extraction of more hydrophilic molecules as well.…”

Section: Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Solvent-Based Fluid Separations

Schuur

Brouwer

Sprakel

2021

Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng.

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The most important developments in solvent-based fluid separations, separations involving at least one fluid phase, are reviewed. After a brief introduction and discussion on general solvent trends observed in all fields of application, several specific fields are discussed. Important solvent trends include replacement of traditional molecular solvents by ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents and, more recently, increasing discussion around bio-based solvents in some application fields. Furthermore, stimuli-responsive systems are discussed; the most significant developments in this field are seen for CO2-switchable and redox-responsive solvents. Discussed fields of application include hydrocarbons separations, carbon capture, biorefineries, and metals separations. For all but the hydrocarbons separations, newly reported electrochemically mediated separations seem to offer exciting new windows of opportunities. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 12 is June 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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“…Recently, a study carried out by Du et al reported that the secondary amine N -ethylbutylamine (EBA) shows a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, which means that a change in EBA polarity is possible only by changing the temperature . This alternative operation is expected to be a cost and energy efficient alternative to the CO 2 switching system .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29,30 Recently, a study carried out by Du et al reported that the secondary amine N-ethylbutylamine (EBA) shows a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, which means that a change in EBA polarity is possible only by changing the temperature. 31 This alternative operation is expected to be a cost and energy efficient alternative to the CO 2 switching system. 31 However, the feasibility of the process to effectively and sequentially extract lipids and proteins from microalgae by using a SS characterized by LCST behavior has not been clearly defined yet.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31 This alternative operation is expected to be a cost and energy efficient alternative to the CO 2 switching system. 31 However, the feasibility of the process to effectively and sequentially extract lipids and proteins from microalgae by using a SS characterized by LCST behavior has not been clearly defined yet. 32 Here, an innovative procedure to selectively extract hydrophobic antioxidants from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus bigranulatus was set up.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Switchable Solvent Selective Extraction of Hydrophobic Antioxidants from Synechococcus bigranulatus

D’Elia

Imbimbo

Liberti

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Hydrophobic molecules, in particular, carotenoids, have been directly extracted from Synechococcus bigranulatus ACUF680 by means of secondary amine switchable solvent N-ethylbutylamine (EBA) without any other pretreatment. EBA was able to extract hydrophobic molecules from both fresh and frozen biomass at the same extent of the conventional procedure (about 20% of dry biomass). In particular, selective extraction of a zeaxanthin-enriched fraction (green fraction, GF) and a β-carotene-enriched fraction (orange fraction, OF) was obtained. The ratio between zeaxanthin and β-carotene was 4.4 ± 1.5 for GF, 0.07 ± 0.06 for OF, and about 1 for conventional extraction. These fractions showed in vitro antioxidant activity (IC50 values of 0.056 ± 0.013 and 0.024 ± 0.008 mg mL–1 for GF and OF, respectively) and biocompatibility on immortalized cells. Moreover, OF and GF were able to protect cells from oxidative stress, both before and after thermal treatment. Results clearly indicate that EBA is a good candidate to specifically extract β-carotene and zeaxanthin from the wet biomass of S. bigranulatus without affecting their biological activity. Skipping energy-intensive operations to break the cells and using either fresh or frozen biomass may be the driving factors to use EBA switchable solvent on an industrial scale.

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Process evaluation of swing strategies to recover N-ethylbutylamine after wet lipid extraction from microalgae

Cited by 11 publications

References 53 publications

Two-Stage Fermentation of Lipomyces starkeyi for Production of Microbial Lipids and Biodiesel

Two-Stage Fermentation of Lipomyces starkeyi for Production of Microbial Lipids and Biodiesel

Recent Developments in Solvent-Based Fluid Separations

Switchable Solvent Selective Extraction of Hydrophobic Antioxidants from Synechococcus bigranulatus

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