“…Furthermore, due to the interaction among dislocations which occurs by means of dislocation jog, dislocation kink, and cross-slip, various subsurface defects can be generated, thus causing permanent plastic deformation and severely afecting its working life [15], for instance, atomic cluster [16], prismatic dislocation [17], Lomer-Cottrell lock [18], prismatic dislocation loop [19], and stacking fault tetrahedron (SFT) [20]. Li et al [21] carried out nanocutting simulations of c-TiAl alloy under fuid media and analyzed the evolution of the prismatic dislocation loop, subsequently indicating that the formation of subsurface defects led to the work-hardening phenomenon adopting nanoindentation as the characterization method, with the indentation load, surface hardness, and Young's modulus as the evaluation indicators. Liu et al [22] conducted real-time observation of SFT formation and annihilation processes in terms of dislocation reactions.…”