Process intensification for sustainable extraction of metals from e-waste: challenges and opportunities

Javed, Aaliya; Singh, Jogender

doi:10.1007/s11356-023-26433-3

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Typically, PCBs are composed of 30.0-35.0% by weight of metals, 24.0-30.0% by weight of resins and 32.0-35.0% by weight of refractories [23,42]. Around 69 distinct metals can be found in e-waste, with most of these metals being extractable from PCBs, waste from subscriber identification modules, and discarded memory modules [43]. On average, the metallic components present in DPCB primarily comprise the following ranges: 11.0-28.0 wt% Cu, 8.0-36.0 wt% Fe, 3.0-20.0 wt% Al, 2.0-5.0 wt% Pb, 1.0-4.0 wt% Ni, 200.0-2800.0 ppm Ag, 150.0-2000.0 ppm Au, and 30.0-350.0 ppm Pd, based on the type of electronic device involved [34,44,45].…”

Section: Materials Constituents Of Dpcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discarded e-waste/printed circuit boards: a review of their recent methods of disassembly, sorting and environmental implications

Oke,

Potgieter

2024

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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The improper disposal of discarded electronic and electrical equipment raises environmental and health concerns, spanning air pollution to water and soil contamination, underscoring the imperative for responsible management practises. This review explores the complex composition of discarded printed circuit boards (DPCBs), crucial components in electronic devices. Comprising substrates, electronic elements and solder, DPCBs showcase a heterogeneous structure with metal (30.0–50.0%) and non-metal (50.0–70.0%) fractions. Notably abundant in precious metals such as Au, Ag, and Pd, DPCBs offer a compelling avenue for recycling initiatives. The inclusion of heavy metals and flame retardants adds complexity, necessitating environmentally sound disposal methods. Ongoing research on smart disassembly, utilising 3D image recognition technology, underscores the importance of accurate identification and positioning of electronic components (ECs). The targeted approach of smart disassembly, centred on valuable components, highlights its significance, albeit with challenges in equipment costs and capacity limitations. In mechanical disassembly, techniques such as grinding and heat application are employed to extract ECs, with innovations addressing gas emissions and damage induced by overheating. Chemical disassembly methods, encompassing epoxy resin delamination and tin removal, present promising recovery options, whilst the integration of chemical and electrochemical processes shows potential. Efficient sorting, encompassing both manual and automated methods, is imperative post-disassembly, with smart sorting technologies augmenting accuracy in the identification and categorisation of ECs. In addition, explorations into NH3/NH4+ solutions for selective metal recovery underscore challenges and stress the necessity for meticulous process optimisation in environmentally sustainable PCB recycling. Challenges and future perspectives have also been expounded.

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Section: Materials Constituents Of Dpcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discarded e-waste/printed circuit boards: a review of their recent methods of disassembly, sorting and environmental implications

Oke,

Potgieter

2024

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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“…Of particular relevance, Pt–Re/Al 2 O 3 reforming catalysts, extensively employed in the petroleum and chemical industries, in which the Pt content is about 0.5–10 kg t −1 , serve as alternative Pt sources. 35,37 The annual consumption of Pt in catalysts used in the petrochemical industry is about 20.2 tons, and the demand for Pt in fuel cells in 2022 was less than 10 tons. 38,39 It is worth mentioning that fuel cells are necessary to achieve the global green transition, and the demand for fuel cells will continue to increase in the future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24 The notion of "waste to treasure" has garnered considerable scientific interest, stimulating investigations into the recovery of critical metals from waste materials and their subsequent utilization as key components in new energy conversion devices. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Pt group metals have been recovered from waste materials such as spent catalysts, 34 discarded electronic equip-ment, 35 and chemical waste 36 by methods of both hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy; however, short process strategies have rarely been applied to high-value-added Pt secondary resources. Of particular relevance, Pt-Re/Al 2 O 3 reforming catalysts, extensively employed in the petroleum and chemical industries, in which the Pt content is about 0.5-10 kg t −1 , serve as alternative Pt sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%