“…Biodiesel is mono-alkyl fatty acid esters (FAAE), produced from triglycerides found in vegetable oils or animal fats. Various methods have been developed for biodiesel production, which was reviewed in Ambata et al (2018), Mittelbach (2009), and Tabatabaei et al (2019). Currently, biodiesel production by alkaline transesterification is very common because it costs less and has a higher conversion efficiency.…”