Process Understanding – Crystallization

Cronin, Leroy; Kitson, Philip J.; Wilson, Chick C.

doi:10.1002/9783527637140.ch7

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Crystallization is routinely used to control impurities during the manufacture of APIs in industry. It not only improves chemical purity but also provides control over crystal quality attributes, such as particle size distribution, polymorphic form, and morphology. − During a typical process, impurity rejection occurs by the crystallization of the desired compound out of solution, leaving behind impurity-rich mother liquors. Often, in the presence of metals, crystallization is not as efficient, particularly for pharmaceutical processes.…”

Section: Crystallization Of Productmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palladium Extraction Following Metal-Catalyzed Reactions: Recent Advances and Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Economidou,

Mistry,

Wheelhouse

et al. 2023

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, the potential contamination of products with elemental impurities is an issue that any process chemist must consider in the design of a plant process. This is not only to meet regulatory limits, which is unequivocally the primary reason for metal scavenging, but also due to the high cost and limited supply of palladium, driving the need for recovery to recycle. This Review addresses the current approaches for palladium removal from organic solutions, with selected examples of their successful application in industrial-scale processes for pharmaceutical production. Palladium scavengers have been categorized based on their mode of action, i.e., adsorption, extraction/precipitation, and crystallization, to provide a summary of the current state-of-the-art in metal removal. Practical considerations when choosing metal removal methods are briefly discussed, illustrating their intrinsic advantages and drawbacks.

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