Processes controlling the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull explosive eruption

Borisova, Anastassia Y.; Toutain, Jean; Stefánsson, Andri; Gouy, Sophie; Parseval, Philippe de

doi:10.1029/2012jb009213

Cited by 27 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…The benmoreite we analyzed from Eyjafjallajökull has a major element, trace element, and isotopic composition that is consistent with it representing a mixture between an alkaline basalt and an alkali rhyolite or trachyte2124. Its low ( 226 Ra/ 230 Th) value (1.066) compared to a basalt erupted in 2010 from Fimmvörðuháls on Eyjafjallajökull’s flank (1.368)22 is most readily explained by several thousand years of aging during differentiation and storage of the silicic mixing end-member.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

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210Pb-226Ra disequilibria in young gas-laden magmas

Reagan

Turner

Handley

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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We present new 238U-230Th-226Ra-210Pb and supporting data for young lavas from southwest Pacific island arcs, Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland, and Terceira, Azores. The arc lavas have significant 238U and 226Ra excesses, whereas those from the ocean islands have moderate 230Th and 226Ra excesses, reflecting mantle melting in the presence of a water-rich fluid in the former and mantle melting by decompression in the latter. Differentiation to erupted compositions in both settings appears to have taken no longer than a few millennia. Variations in the (210Pb/226Ra)0 values in all settings largely result from degassing processes rather than mineral-melt partitioning. Like most other ocean island basalts, the Terceira basalt has a 210Pb deficit, which we attribute to ~8.5 years of steady 222Rn loss to a CO2-rich volatile phase while it traversed the crust. Lavas erupted from water-laden magma systems, including those investigated here, commonly have near equilibrium (210Pb/226Ra)0 values. Maintaining these equilibrium values requires minimal persistent loss or accumulation of 222Rn in a gas phase. We infer that degassing during decompression of water-saturated magmas either causes these magmas to crystallize and stall in reservoirs where they reside under conditions of near stasis, or to quickly rise towards the surface and erupt.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…All tephras from this eruption are more than 85% juvenile23. The benmoreite ash is glassy and relatively crystalline, with abundant bimodally zoned crystals of olivine, plagioclase, augite, and magnetite24.…”

Section: Recent Eruptive Productsmentioning

confidence: 96%

210Pb-226Ra disequilibria in young gas-laden magmas

Reagan

Turner

Handley

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Considering a magmatic gas mass fraction of 2 % at the source level (Borisova et al 2012;Keiding and Sigmarsson 2012), the mass ratio between solids and gas of roughly 2:1 found at the transitional level implies that at this stage, the primary magmatic gas component constitutes only about~1.3 % of the gas phase. This means that the dominant component of the gas phase is entrained air, which exceeds the amount of magmatic gas by a factor of more than 20.…”

Section: Discussion Of Errors and Approximation Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A temperature drop of the plume from 1000-1170°C at the source (Keiding and Sigmarsson 2012) to 480°C at the transitional level in combination with a magmatic gas mass fraction of approximately 2 % (Borisova et al 2012;Keiding and Sigmarsson 2012) would indicate that at the zone of transition, a large fraction of the gas must have contained entrained air. Thus, with PVDM, we used for ρ g -as a firstorder approximation-a density of 0.39 kg/m 3 , corresponding to the density of 480°C hot air at atmospheric pressure (using 1550 m a.s.l.…”

Section: Mass Eruption Rate At Transitional Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass eruption rates in pulsating eruptions estimated from video analysis of the gas thrust-buoyancy transition—a case study of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland

et al. 2015

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The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano was characterized by pulsating activity. Discrete ash bursts merged at higher altitude and formed a sustained quasi-continuous eruption column. High-resolution near-field videos were recorded on 8-10 May, during the second explosive phase of the eruption, and supplemented by contemporary aerial observations. In the observed period, pulses occurred at intervals of 0.8 to 23.4 s (average, 4.2 s). On the basis of video analysis, the pulse volume and the velocity of the reversely buoyant jets that initiated each pulse were determined. The expansion history of jets was tracked until the pulses reached the height of transition from a negatively buoyant jet to a convective buoyant plume about 100 m above the vent. Based on the assumption that the density of the gas-solid mixture making up the pulse approximates that of the surrounding air at the level of transition from the jet to the plume, a mass flux ranging between 2.2 and 3.5 · 10 4 kg/s was calculated. This mass eruption rate is in good agreement with results obtained with simple models relating plume height with mass discharge at the vent. Our findings indicate that near-field measurements of eruption source parameters in a pulsating eruption may prove to be an effective monitoring tool. A comparison of the observed pulses with those generated in calibrated large-scale experiments reveals very similar characteristics and suggests that the analysis of near-field sensors could in the future help to constrain the triggering mechanism of explosive eruptions.

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“…Considering a range of gas content between 2% and 3% (Borisova et al 2012), a gas density of 0.13 kg/m 3 , and a magma density of 2740 kg/m 3 (Dense Rock Equivalent; Bonadonna et al, 2011b), the resulting mixture density r p at the vent gives 5.471.1 kg/m 3 .…”

Section: Mass Eruption Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Ash-plume dynamics and eruption source parameters by infrasound and thermal imagery: The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

Ripepe

Bonadonna

Folch

et al. 2013

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

104

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Keywords: ash eruptions plume height mass eruption rate infrasound a b s t r a c t During operational ash-cloud forecasting, prediction of ash concentration and total erupted mass directly depends on the determination of mass eruption rate (MER), which is typically inferred from plume height. Uncertainties for plume heights are large, especially for bent-over plumes in which the ascent dynamics are strongly affected by the surrounding wind field. Here we show how uncertainties can be reduced if MER is derived directly from geophysical observations of source dynamics. The combination of infrasound measurements and thermal camera imagery allows for the infrasonic type of source to be constrained (a dipole in this case) and for the plume exit velocity to be calculated (54-142 m/s) based on the acoustic signal recorded during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption from 4 to 21 May. Exit velocities are converted into MER using additional information on vent diameter (50 710 m) and mixture density (5.4 7 1.1 kg/m 3 ), resulting in an average $ 9 Â 10 5 kg/s MER during the considered period of the eruption. We validate our acoustic-derived MER by using independent measurements of plume heights (Icelandic Meteorological Office radar observations). Acoustically derived MER are converted into plume heights using field-based relationships and a 1D radially averaged buoyant plume theory model using a reconstructed total grain size distribution. We conclude that the use of infrasonic monitoring may lead to important understanding of the plume dynamics and allows for real-time determination of eruption source parameters. This could improve substantially the forecasting of volcano-related hazards, with important implications for civil aviation safety.

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Processes controlling the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull explosive eruption

Cited by 27 publications

References 82 publications

210Pb-226Ra disequilibria in young gas-laden magmas

210Pb-226Ra disequilibria in young gas-laden magmas

Mass eruption rates in pulsating eruptions estimated from video analysis of the gas thrust-buoyancy transition—a case study of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland

Ash-plume dynamics and eruption source parameters by infrasound and thermal imagery: The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

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