Processing Acute Traumatic Grief: Exacerbation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after September 11 in a 9-Year-Old Boy

African-American adolescents’ stress responses after the 9/11/01 terrorist attacks

“…Little information is available about the range and severity of post-traumatic distress in youth resulting from indirect exposure to the 9/11/01 attacks [11]. Children may exhibit a wide range of emotional, physical and psychological reactions after direct exposure to such disasters, including depression, anxiety, anger, relationship problems, and hostility in association with PTSD symptoms [12][13][14][15][16]. With regard to the mental health consequences of such disasters, school-aged youth are likely to show greater impairment than adult rescue workers [17].…”

Redefining Borderline Syndromes as Posttraumatic and Rediscovering Emotional Containment as a First Stage in Treatment

“…Regrettably, the expansion of the problem list in this group of crisis-prone individuals did little to improve treatment outcome. Exposure therapy, established as the most effective treatment for prior trauma, was tried but sometimes led, in "complex trauma" (as we were now styling it), to the very symptoms we had intended to abate-self-harm, psychotic flashbacks, and frightening somatic symptoms (Dechant, Jellinek, Goodwin, & Prince, 2002).…”