Processing and extraction methods of medicinal cannabis: a narrative review

Lazarjani, Masoumeh Pourseyed; Young, O.A.; Kebede, Lidya; Seyfoddin, Ali

doi:10.1186/s42238-021-00087-9

Cited by 59 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Cannabis is chemically diverse, with cannabinoids, phenolic compounds, and terpenes being the most important phytochemicals [ 75 ]. Several conventional extraction techniques have been applied to extract phytochemicals from Cannabis using various solvents [ 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. Different conventional extraction methods, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and dynamic maceration, have been employed to extract phytochemicals from Cannabis [ 68 , 75 , 76 , 80 , 82 ].…”

Section: Current Techniques For Extraction Of Phytochemicals From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several conventional extraction techniques have been applied to extract phytochemicals from Cannabis using various solvents [ 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. Different conventional extraction methods, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and dynamic maceration, have been employed to extract phytochemicals from Cannabis [ 68 , 75 , 76 , 80 , 82 ]. However, studies have also revealed the caveats of using conventional extraction methods, such as the extraction of unwanted substances and degradation of heat-sensitive compounds due to extraction under high temperature [ 84 ].…”

Section: Current Techniques For Extraction Of Phytochemicals From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the extraction efficiency of these two conventional techniques was significantly lower than that of the advanced microwave-assisted extraction [ 86 ]. Although conventional extraction techniques have advantages such as simple procedures, easy operations, and affordability, these conventional techniques have several drawbacks, including longer extraction times and the demand for larger solvent volumes, leading to an inclined overall operation cost and harmful environmental impact compared to modern techniques [ 80 ]. Furthermore, a stable high temperature of Soxhlet extraction has also been reported to accelerate the degradation of THCA to THC and, finally, to CBN, leading to high levels of THC and CBN in the extract [ 70 , 80 ].…”

Section: Current Techniques For Extraction Of Phytochemicals From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although conventional extraction techniques have advantages such as simple procedures, easy operations, and affordability, these conventional techniques have several drawbacks, including longer extraction times and the demand for larger solvent volumes, leading to an inclined overall operation cost and harmful environmental impact compared to modern techniques [ 80 ]. Furthermore, a stable high temperature of Soxhlet extraction has also been reported to accelerate the degradation of THCA to THC and, finally, to CBN, leading to high levels of THC and CBN in the extract [ 70 , 80 ]. A recent study extracted CBD from inflorescences of C. sativa using the methanol solvent maceration technique and supercritical fluid extraction technique and found that conventional extraction obtained a higher oil yield but lower CBD in comparison with supercritical fluid extraction [ 81 ].…”

Section: Current Techniques For Extraction Of Phytochemicals From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another conventional extraction technique called dynamic maceration has also been applied to extract cannabinoids, mostly from industrial hemp [ 79 , 80 ]. Dynamic maceration is a solid-lipid extraction procedure where a sample is soaked in organic solvents that were selected based on the polarity of the target compounds at a specific temperature for a specific time and then agitated [ 79 , 80 ]. Ethanol, acetonitrile, and hexane are the common solvents used to extract cannabinoids [ 87 , 88 , 89 ].…”

Section: Current Techniques For Extraction Of Phytochemicals From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Review on the Techniques for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Cannabis

et al. 2022

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Cannabis is well-known for its numerous therapeutic activities, as demonstrated in pre-clinical and clinical studies primarily due to its bioactive compounds. The Cannabis industry is rapidly growing; therefore, product development and extraction methods have become crucial aspects of Cannabis research. The evaluation of the current extraction methods implemented in the Cannabis industry and scientific literature to produce consistent, reliable, and potent medicinal Cannabis extracts is prudent. Furthermore, these processes must be subjected to higher levels of scientific stringency, as Cannabis has been increasingly used for various ailments, and the Cannabis industry is receiving acceptance in different countries. We comprehensively analysed the current literature and drew a critical summary of the extraction methods implemented thus far to recover bioactive compounds from medicinal Cannabis. Moreover, this review outlines the major bioactive compounds in Cannabis, discusses critical factors affecting extraction yields, and proposes future considerations for the effective extraction of bioactive compounds from Cannabis. Overall, research on medicinal marijuana is limited, with most reports on the industrial hemp variety of Cannabis or pure isolates. We also propose the development of sustainable Cannabis extraction methods through the implementation of mathematical prediction models in future studies.

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Section: Current Techniques For Extraction Of Phytochemicals From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Current Techniques For Extraction Of Phytochemicals From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Current Techniques For Extraction Of Phytochemicals From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Current Techniques For Extraction Of Phytochemicals From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Current Techniques For Extraction Of Phytochemicals From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A Comprehensive Review on the Techniques for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Cannabis

et al. 2022

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Meta‐analysis and review of cannabinoids extraction and purification techniques

Song

Furtose

Fuoco³

et al. 2023

Can J Chem Eng

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Projected revenues of cannabis concentrates and extracts in Canada will reach 5 billion dollars, of which infused products will account for half of the total. The pharmacologically active cannabinoids accumulate in the crop's flowers, accounting for as much as 30% of their dry mass, and are absent from the rest of the plant's body. To achieve a cost effective drug formulation requires optimizing cannabis processing techniques. Here, we review the pre-treatment of Cannabis sativa L., its solvent extraction, and the isolation of its active metabolites. We describe traditional extraction processes such as maceration and percolation with organic solvents, but focus on recent green solvent and methods including supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) and microwave-and ultrasound-enhanced techniques. Furthermore, we report the decarboxylation kinetics to convert tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid and purification-isolation techniques to satisfy regulatory and consumer requirements. Cannabinoids decarboxylate in 10-60 min at 100-150 C. Ethanol and petroleum ether recover up to 90% of the neutral cannabinoids from plant inflorescences, but the crude extracts require further refining as the purity is less than 50%. Propane and butane compressed gas extraction facilitate solvent removal but introduce safety hazards related to flammability. SCFE is the safest solvent-free extraction method with improved terpenoid recovery and > 80% purity. Academic and commercial interest in the field is expected to accelerate in the next decade due to recent changes in regulatory schemes across North America, which will reduce legal and stigmatic barriers to research.

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Analytical strategies for herbal Cannabis samples in forensic applications: A comprehensive review

Slosse

Durme

Eliaerts

et al. 2023

WIREs Forensic Science

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Cannabis sativa L. is undoubtedly the most used recreational drug worldwide because of its desired acute psychotropic effects, like relaxation, euphoria and altered perceptions. In addition, promising medical properties of Cannabis components have gained a lot of attention, resulting in a debate to permit recreational Cannabis use in several countries. In recent years, this controversial plant was increasingly studied and a large number of scientific papers were published. Herbal Cannabis consists of a variable and complex matrix, which makes it challenging to properly seize and prepare the sample for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Moreover, both the adoption of legal cut‐off values in different countries for the Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in seizures, and the emergence of cannabidiol (CBD) based products, containing generally small but variable amounts of THC, urged the need for sensitive and reliable analytical techniques to accurately identify and quantify the components of interest. This review presents detailed information on the procedure prior to analysis and covers chromatographic and spectroscopic methods developed for the analysis of cannabinoids in seizures for different forensic purposes, that is, identification/quantification, potency testing, drug‐ and fiber‐type differentiation, age estimation, yield determination and Cannabis profiling. Advantages and drawbacks of existing methods, within a specific forensic context, are discussed. The application of chemometrics, which offers a powerful tool in interpreting complex data, is also explained. This article is categorized under: Toxicology > Cannabis Toxicology > Drug Analysis Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Presentation and Evaluation of Forensic Science Output

show abstract

Processing and extraction methods of medicinal cannabis: a narrative review

Cited by 59 publications

References 56 publications

A Comprehensive Review on the Techniques for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Cannabis

A Comprehensive Review on the Techniques for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Cannabis

Meta‐analysis and review of cannabinoids extraction and purification techniques

Analytical strategies for herbal Cannabis samples in forensic applications: A comprehensive review

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