Processing and Mechanical Property Characterization of Aligned Carbon Nanotube Carbon Matrix Nanocomposites

Stein, Itai Y.; Vincent, Hanna M.; Steiner, Stephen A.; Colombini, Elena; Wardle, Brian L.

doi:10.2514/6.2013-1583

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Pure phenol-formaldehyde samples (Durite SC-1008, Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.) were prepared by first pouring the de-gassed resin into a round aluminium molds, and then curing at 80 • C for 6 hr [48][49][50]. The samples were then heat treated to transform the phenolic resin into PyC, which could enable the native defects to migrate and annihilate [26].…”

Section: Synthesis and Processing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure-mechanical property relations of non-graphitizing pyrolytic carbon synthesized at low temperatures

Stein

Constable

Morales-Medina

et al. 2017

Carbon

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Polymer derived carbon ceramics are highly desirable for lightweight, high strength, extreme environment material architectures, but their mechanical performance as a function of structure and processing is not currently understood and cannot be predicted. In this study, the mechanical behavior for bulk-scale pyrolytic carbons (PyCs) made via polymer pyrolysis of phenolformaldehyde precursors are established as a function of heat treatment temperature and the resulting average nano-and meso-scale order and disorder via X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The PyCs exhibit crystallite evolution on both the atomic-and meso-scale for pyrolysis temperatures of 600 • C to 1000 • C, whereas only atomic-scale crystallite evolution is observed for pyrolysis temperatures of 1000 • C to 1400 • C. The measured Vickers hardness of the PyCs is observed to scale non-monotonically as a function of the pyrolysis temperature reaching a peak at ∼ 4 GPa for samples prepared at 1000 • C. New modeling results, based on the elastic constants of disordered graphite, indicate that this counter-intuitive Vickers hardness scaling, which is a decades-old open question, originates from the PyC inter-layer shear elastic constant and the crystallite aspect ratio evolution with processing temperature. PyCs studied here are shown to be the lightest super-hard materials, having Vickers hardness-to-density ratios that are comparable to super-hard carbides, oxides, nitrides, and phosphides.

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Section: Synthesis and Processing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure-mechanical property relations of non-graphitizing pyrolytic carbon synthesized at low temperatures

Stein

Constable

Morales-Medina

et al. 2017

Carbon

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“…To characterize the surface morphology of CNT ACMNCs, SEM analysis was performed using a JEOL 6700 cold field-emission gun scanning electron microscope using secondary electron imaging at an accelerating voltage ranging from 1.0 (for CNT forests) 40 to 3.0 kV (for CNT A-CMNCs) 23,24 and a working distance of either 3.0 mm (Fig. 2a and Fig.…”

Section: B High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This system consisted of ∼ 8 nm outer diameter aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which have interesting intrinsic mechanical [29][30][31][32][33] and transport [33][34][35][36][37][38][39] properties, and were previously used to fabricate A-CMNCs with a pyrolytic carbon (PyC) matrix via the pyrolysis of phenolic matrix A-PNC precursors 23,24 . See Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These materials can be produced through the heat treatment (pyrolysis) of aligned nanofiber polymer matrix nanocomposite (A-PNC) precursors, which are analogous to the APNCs reported elsewhere [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] . Such processing follows the typical synthesis routes of polymer derived ceramics [25][26][27][28] , but relies on capillary [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] or vacuum [21][22][23][24] assisted wetting of the aligned nanofibers rather than surfactant or functionalization assisted mixing. In order to manufacture aligned nanofiber carbon matrix nanocomposites (A-CMNCs) with tailored properties, the porosity of the matrix, which strongly influences its material properties, must be controlled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology and processing of aligned carbon nanotube carbon matrix nanocomposites

Stein

Wardle

2014

Carbon

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Intrinsic and scale-dependent properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have led aligned CNT architectures to emerge as promising candidates for next-generation multifunctional applications. Enhanced operating regimes motivate the study of CNT-based aligned nanofiber carbon matrix nanocomposites (CNT A-CMNCs). However, in order to tailor the material properties of CNT A-CMNCs, porosity control of the carbon matrix is required. Such control is usually achieved via multiple liquid precursor infusions and pyrolyzations. Here we report a model that allows the quantitative prediction of the CNT A-CMNC density and matrix porosity as a function of number of processing steps. The experimental results indicate that the matrix porosity of A-CMNCs comprised of ∼ 1% aligned CNTs decreased from ∼ 61% to ∼ 55% after a second polymer infusion and pyrolyzation. The model predicts that diminishing returns for porosity reduction will occur after 4 processing steps (matrix porosity of ∼ 51%), and that > 10 processing steps are required for matrix porosity < 50%. Using this model, prediction of the processing necessary for the fabrication of liquid precursor derived A-CMNC architectures, with possible application to other nanowire/nanofiber systems, is enabled for a variety of high value applications.

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“…Fabrication of P-F polymer precursors via vacuum assisted wetting was performed by first gently depositing free-standing CNT arrays into hollow cylindrical Al molds, ensuring that the primary axis of the CNTs was orthogonal to the plane of the mold. The CNT array was then infused with a de-gassed phenolic resin (Durite SC-1008, Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.) at 40 • C under vacuum for ∼ 24 hr to allow the highly viscous P-F resin sufficient time to infiltrate the inter-CNT space before curing to form the polymeric nanocomposite precursors to the A-CMNCs [36,64,65]. This 24 hr vacuum infusion step also enabled the majority of air trapped in the P-F resin as it flowed into the inter-CNT space to be removed, which thereby minimized the porosity of the P-F matrix in the polymeric nanocomposite precursors.…”

Section: Synthesis and Processing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoscale evolution of non-graphitizing pyrolytic carbon in aligned carbon nanotube carbon matrix nanocomposites

et al. 2017

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Polymer-derived pyrolytic carbons (PyCs) are highly desirable building blocks for high strength low density ceramic meta-materials, and reinforcement with nanofibers is of interest to address brittleness and tailor multi-functional properties. The properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them leading candidates for nanocomposite reinforcement, but how CNT confinement influences the structural evolution of the PyC matrix is unknown. Here, the influence of aligned CNT proximity interactions on nano-and meso-scale structural evolution of phenol-formaldehyde derived PyCs is established as a function of pyrolysis temperature (T p) using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and

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Processing and Mechanical Property Characterization of Aligned Carbon Nanotube Carbon Matrix Nanocomposites

Cited by 6 publications

References 31 publications

Structure-mechanical property relations of non-graphitizing pyrolytic carbon synthesized at low temperatures

Structure-mechanical property relations of non-graphitizing pyrolytic carbon synthesized at low temperatures

Morphology and processing of aligned carbon nanotube carbon matrix nanocomposites

Mesoscale evolution of non-graphitizing pyrolytic carbon in aligned carbon nanotube carbon matrix nanocomposites

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