Processing Effects in the Sol–Gel Preparation of PZT Dried Gels, Powders, and Ferroelectric Thin Layers

Lakeman, Charles D. E.; Payne, David A.

doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04392.x

Cited by 181 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Similarly, previous study of Lakeman and Payne showed that in PZT gels all reactions were completed at lower temperature in low water gels (Rw: 2.0 and 3.0) whereas high water gels (Rw: 10) displayed more diffuse behavior with several peaks and required higher temperature to complete the reaction [22,23]. It is possible to correlate this behavior with the formation and the development of the perovskite phase.…”

Section: Effect Of Hydrolysis Ratiosupporting

confidence: 64%

Phase formation and microstructure of Nd+3 doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 prepared by sol–gel method

Şakar‐Deliormanlı

Çelik

Polat

2007

J Mater Sci: Mater Electron

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the rare earth element neodymium on the phase formation and microstructural development of relaxor ferroelectric lead magnesium niobate, Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (PMN) system. Perovskite phase PMN powders were prepared using the sol-gel method and the effect of neodymium doping was investigated at different doping levels ranging from 0.1 mol% to 30 mol%. The precursors employed in the sol-gel process were lead (II) acetate, magnesium ethoxide, and niobium (V) ethoxide. All the experiments were performed at room temperature while the calcination temperatures ranged between 800°C and 1,100°C. Results showed that it was possible to obtain the pure perovskite phase at 950°C using the sol-gel method. Nd +3 addition influenced the phase formation and microstructure of the multicomponent system. Pyrochlore was detected along with the perovskite phase above 10 mol% Nd. Results also demonstrated that grain size of the synthesized powders depended on the Nd +3 concentration. IntroductionLead magnesium niobate (PMN) is a relaxor ferroelectric material that is characterized by a diffuse phase transition over a broad temperature range and a frequency dependent maximum in its relative dielectric permittivity. It demonstrates very high dielectric constant around -10 to -5°C [1]. It has many potential applications such as multilayer ceramic capacitors, actuators and electro-optic devices [2].In the processing of PMN ceramics, synthesis of pure perovskite phase is crucial, the most important problem being the formation of pyrochlore phase which degrades the electrical properties. Previously, several attempts have been made to eliminate the pyrochlore in the PMN structure. The Columbite method introduced by Swartz and Shrout, addition of excess MgO to promote the perovskite formation, and excess PbO addition to compensate lead oxide evaporation during calcination are the commonly used techniques to prevent pyrochlore formation [3][4][5].Among others, the sol-gel method offers several advantages for the preparation of ceramic oxides. This method provides high degree of homogeneity and stoichiometry especially for multicomponent systems in addition to allowing doping on a molecular scale. Hence, there is considerable interest in the preparation of PMN ceramics using sol-gel method [6][7][8][9][10][11].The phase formation and electrical properties of piezoelectric ceramics can be modified by use of dopants. Effects of rare earth elements (RE) doping on the phase formation and electrical properties of piezoelectric ceramics such as barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate are well studied [12][13][14][15]. The effect of RE addition on the PMN system has also been studied in the literature to a degree. Zhong et al. [16] studied the effects of adding a fixed amount of rare earth additives on the microstructure and dielectric properties of PMN-PT ceramics. Their results showed that doping of neodymium (Nd +3 ) resulted in a slight decrease in the grain size and a lowering...

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Section: Effect Of Hydrolysis Ratiosupporting

confidence: 64%

Phase formation and microstructure of Nd+3 doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 prepared by sol–gel method

Şakar‐Deliormanlı

Çelik

Polat

2007

J Mater Sci: Mater Electron

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“…The solution chemistry that was employed follows the synthesis route developed by Budd et al 17 and later refined by Lakeman and Payne, 18 for the fabrication of Pb-based perovskite thin films on a substrate. The substrate consisted of a single-side polished Si ͑100͒ wafer with a 5000 Å thermally grown oxide and a nominal thickness of 375 m ͑Sili-con Quest International, Inc., Santa Clara, CA͒.…”

Section: A Film Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual stress effects on piezoelectric response of sol-gel derived lead zirconate titanate thin films

Berfield

Ong

Payne

et al. 2007

Journal of Applied Physics

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Piezoelectric properties of three sol-gel derived Pb͑Zr 0.53 Ti 0.47 ͒O 3 thin film specimens of different thicknesses integrated onto Pt/ Ti/ SiO 2 ʈ Si substrates are investigated to delineate the influence of residual stress on the strain-field response characteristics from other thickness related effects. Residual tensile stresses are determined from wafer curvature measurements for films ranging in thickness from 190 to 500 nm. Field-induced strains are measured interferometrically for each film under either a large ac driving voltage or a small ac ripple applied over a range of dc biases. Higher residual stresses decrease measured piezoelectric response, while thickness variations with no accompanying change in residual stress state produce little change in strain-field behavior. The diminished performance associated with high residual stresses is attributed to reductions in both linear and nonlinear contributions, including decreased polarization switching and domain motion.

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“…This peak was attributed to the decomposition of most of the bound organic species. The weight loss proceeded even after 300 o C, yielding a constant value near 600 o C. It has been demonstrated by Payne et al 18 that the exothermic feature at higher temperature region varies with process conditions. They discussed the position of the higher exothermic peak observed at ~500-600 o C which varied with water content.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…The relative amounts of perovskite and pyrochlore phases were determined by measuring the relative intensity of XRD peaks by using the following equation 18 : % perovskite = The amount of perovskite phase formed was promoted with increasing seed content incorporated in the gels, and consequently the formation temperature of pure perovskite phase was lowered as the seed content was increased. As the perovskite nucleation site density increased with the increase of seed concentration, the amount of perovskite phase also increased.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Seeding Effects on the Phase Transformation of Sol-Gel Derived PZT Powder

2002

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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The formation temperature for the perovskite lead zirconate titanate [Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 , PZT] derived from sol-gel route was lowered by more than 100 o C with the addition of crystallographically suitable seed particles, such as barium titanate (BT) or PZT. We investigated the effect of seeding on the crystallization of perovskite phase and on the microstructure of the sol-gel derived PZT powder by varying the concentration, size and chemical species of seed particles. The phase transition as a function of temperature was monitored by DTA, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy, and the interface between the seed particle and grown PZT layer was analyzed by SEM and high resolution TEM techniques. It was found that both the heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation contributes competitively in the formation of perovskite PZT grains.

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Processing Effects in the Sol–Gel Preparation of PZT Dried Gels, Powders, and Ferroelectric Thin Layers

Cited by 181 publications

References 7 publications

Phase formation and microstructure of Nd+3 doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 prepared by sol–gel method

Phase formation and microstructure of Nd+3 doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 prepared by sol–gel method

Residual stress effects on piezoelectric response of sol-gel derived lead zirconate titanate thin films

The Seeding Effects on the Phase Transformation of Sol-Gel Derived PZT Powder

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