Processing of Frequency-Modulated Sounds in the Lateral Auditory Belt Cortex of the Rhesus Monkey

Tian, Baofeng; Rauschecker, Josef P.

doi:10.1152/jn.00472.2003

Cited by 155 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…It is likely that the AFMs surrounding the HG cluster are also roughly half of two additional clover leaf clusters, based on the prevalence of this type of organization in VFMs (4,6,7,(35)(36)(37)40). Our results are consistent with predictions from the widely accepted macaque model of auditory core and belt, based on measurements of tonotopy, periodicity, cytoarchitecture, and connectivity (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). The present results are also consistent with the published data, although not necessarily the interpretation, of previous studies of tonotopic gradients in humans (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…In audition, there has been only one dimension of sensory topography clearly mapped in cortex, which makes it impossible to use sensory topography to accurately differentiate specific human cortical auditory field maps (AFMs). Current estimates of human AFMs rely primarily on a monkey model that is well characterized by cytoarchitectonics (10,11), single-and multiunit physiology (12)(13)(14)(15)(16), tracer studies (17), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (18). Human cytoarchitectonic measurements generally resemble those in macaque monkey and indicate that the small subfields of primary auditory cortex are confined to Heschl's gyrus (HG; or between HG-1 and HG-2, in cases where a double gyrus exists) and oriented medial to lateral along HG (19)(20)(21)(22).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…To date no such functional boundary has been identified between monkey core and belt maps, primarily because periodotopic gradients have so far only been measured in macaque midbrain (30). Instead, the macaque boundaries have been measured using cytoarchitectural differences, electrophysiological responses, and connectivity patterns (10,11,(14)(15)(16)(17) and roughly estimated when such information is not available (18).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Orthogonal acoustic dimensions define auditory field maps in human cortex

Barton

Venezia

Saberi

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

177

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The functional organization of human auditory cortex has not yet been characterized beyond a rudimentary level of detail. Here, we use functional MRI to measure the microstructure of orthogonal tonotopic and periodotopic gradients forming complete auditory field maps (AFMs) in human core and belt auditory cortex. These AFMs show clear homologies to subfields of auditory cortex identified in nonhuman primates and in human cytoarchitectural studies. In addition, we present measurements of the macrostructural organization of these AFMs into "clover leaf" clusters, consistent with the macrostructural organization seen across human visual cortex. As auditory cortex is at the interface between peripheral hearing and central processes, improved understanding of the organization of this system could open the door to a better understanding of the transformation from auditory spectrotemporal signals to higher-order information such as speech categories.tonotopy | periodotopy | cochleotopy | temporal receptive field | traveling wave H umans have evolved a highly sophisticated auditory system for the transduction and analysis of acoustic information, such as the spectral content of sounds and the temporal modulation of sound energy. The basilar membrane of the cochlea is organized tonotopically to represent the spectral content of sounds from high to low frequencies. This tonotopic (or cochleotopic) organization is preserved as auditory information is processed and passed on from the cochlea to the superior olive, the inferior colliculus, the medial geniculate nucleus, and into primary auditory cortex. Such cortical preservation of the peripheral sensory topography creates a common topographic sensory matrix in hierarchically organized sensory systems, important for consistent sensory computations. The current state of knowledge of the functional organization of human auditory cortex indicates the existence of multiple cortical subfields organized tonotopically. However, the number of these human cortical subfields, their boundaries, and their orientations relative to anatomical landmarks remain equivocal, due in part to an inability to measure cortical representations of a second acoustic dimension orthogonal to tonotopy to accurately delineate them.This ambiguity of human auditory subfield definitions contrasts dramatically with the current understanding of the functional organization of human visual cortex, in which detailed maps of the organization of the retina, called visual field maps (VFMs), have been well characterized (1-9). In vision, there are two orthogonal dimensions of visual space, eccentricity and polar angle, which together allow for the mapping of cortical representations to unique locations in visual space and the complete delineation of the boundaries of individual visual field maps. In audition, there has been only one dimension of sensory topography clearly mapped in cortex, which makes it impossible to use sensory topography to accurately differentiate specific human cortical auditory field maps (AFM...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Orthogonal acoustic dimensions define auditory field maps in human cortex

Barton

Venezia

Saberi

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

177

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“…Therefore, measuring neural responses to tone sequences similar to those used in psychophysical streaming experiments is an important goal for future studies. Conversely, cortical areas beyond A1 (Rauschecker et al, 1995;Rauschecker and Tian, 2004;Tian and Rauschecker, 2004) may also play an important part in the perceptual organization of tone sequences. Some of the EEG/ MEG and fMRI studies described in the following section of this review address this question.…”

Section: Summary and Limitations Of The Single-and Multi-unit Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of auditory cortex in the formation of auditory streams

et al. 2007

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Auditory streaming refers to the perceptual parsing of acoustic sequences into "streams", which makes it possible for a listener to follow the sounds from a given source amidst other sounds. Streaming is currently regarded as an important function of the auditory system in both humans and animals, crucial for survival in environments that typically contain multiple sound sources. This article reviews recent findings concerning the possible neural mechanisms behind this perceptual phenomenon at the level of the auditory cortex. The first part is devoted to intra-cortical recordings, which provide insight into the neural "micromechanisms" of auditory streaming in the primary auditory cortex (A1). In the second part, recent results obtained using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) in humans, which suggest a contribution from cortical areas other than A1, are presented. Overall, the findings concur to demonstrate that many important features of sequential streaming can be explained relatively simply based on neural responses in the auditory cortex.

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“…Although the mechanism by which combination sensitivity (CS) is directionally selective in the temporal domain is not fully understood, some propositions exist (22)(23)(24)(25)(26). As an empirical matter, direction selectivity is clearly present early in auditory cortex (19,27). It is also observed to operate at time scales (50-250 ms) sufficient for phoneme concatenation, as long as 250 ms in the zebra finch (15) and 100 to 150 ms in macaque lateral belt (18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Phoneme and word recognition in the auditory ventral stream

DeWitt

Rauschecker²

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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419

328

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Spoken word recognition requires complex, invariant representations. Using a meta-analytic approach incorporating more than 100 functional imaging experiments, we show that preference for complex sounds emerges in the human auditory ventral stream in a hierarchical fashion, consistent with nonhuman primate electrophysiology. Examining speech sounds, we show that activation associated with the processing of short-timescale patterns (i.e., phonemes) is consistently localized to left mid-superior temporal gyrus (STG), whereas activation associated with the integration of phonemes into temporally complex patterns (i.e., words) is consistently localized to left anterior STG. Further, we show left midto anterior STG is reliably implicated in the invariant representation of phonetic forms and that this area also responds preferentially to phonetic sounds, above artificial control sounds or environmental sounds. Together, this shows increasing encoding specificity and invariance along the auditory ventral stream for temporally complex speech sounds.functional MRI | meta-analysis | auditory cortex | object recognition | language S poken word recognition presents several challenges to the brain. Two key challenges are the assembly of complex auditory representations and the variability of natural speech (SI Appendix, Fig. S1) (1). Representation at the level of primary auditory cortex is precise: fine-grained in scale and local in spectrotemporal space (2, 3). The recognition of complex spectrotemporal forms, like words, in higher areas of auditory cortex requires the transformation of this granular representation into Gestalt-like, object-centered representations. In brief, local features must be bound together to form representations of complex spectrotemporal contours, which are themselves the constituents of auditory "objects" or complex sound patterns (4, 5). Next, representations must be generalized and abstracted. Coding in primary auditory cortex is sensitive even to minor physical transformations. Object-centered coding in higher areas, however, must be invariant (i.e., tolerant of natural stimulus variation) (6). For example, whereas the phonemic structure of a word is fixed, there is considerable variation in physical, spectrotemporal form-attributable to accent, pronunciation, body size, and the like-among utterances of a given word. It has been proposed for visual cortical processing that a feed-forward, hierarchical architecture (7) may be capable of simultaneously solving the problems of complexity and variability (8-12). Here, we examine these ideas in the context of auditory cortex.In a hierarchical pattern-recognition scheme (8), coding in the earliest cortical field would reflect the tuning and organization of primary auditory cortex (or core) (2, 3, 13). That is, single-neuron receptive fields (more precisely, frequency-response areas) would be tuned to particular center frequencies and would have minimal spectrotemporal complexity (i.e., a single excitatory zone and one-to-two inhibitory side bands). ...

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Processing of Frequency-Modulated Sounds in the Lateral Auditory Belt Cortex of the Rhesus Monkey

Cited by 155 publications

References 94 publications

Orthogonal acoustic dimensions define auditory field maps in human cortex

Orthogonal acoustic dimensions define auditory field maps in human cortex

The role of auditory cortex in the formation of auditory streams

Phoneme and word recognition in the auditory ventral stream

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