Processing of titanium foams using magnesium spacer particles

Esen, Ziya; Bor, Şakir

doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.11.010

Cited by 226 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…values (E/E o ), where E o = 107 GPa from solid, fully dense Ti-6Al-4V tensile specimens, versus the relative densities for each EBM-manufactured prototype represented in tables 1-4 as illustrated in figure 26 results in values of n ∼ = 2.2-2.4 (equation (1.1)), slightly above the commonly accepted value of 2 (Gibson 2000). It is also interesting to note that, when the Young moduli in tables 1-4 are plotted against the prototype porosities (in per cent) (figure 27), the resulting curve complements prior data for porous titanium (Esen & Bor 2007;Erk et al 2008) as extended or extrapolated beyond 50 per cent porosity, but deviating from the Gibson & Ashby (1997) model and a similar model of Zhao et al (1989). It can be noted in figures 26 and 27 that the Ti-6Al-4V foams (table 4) deviate noticeably from the classic aluminium and aluminium alloy foams, but these foam prototypes have very high porosities in comparison (figure 2).…”

Section: Results and Discussion (A) Evaluation Of Some Materialise Sosupporting

confidence: 57%

Next-generation biomedical implants using additive manufacturing of complex, cellular and functional mesh arrays

Murr

Gaytan

Medina

et al. 2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

493

290

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In this paper, we examine prospects for the manufacture of patient-specific biomedical implants replacing hard tissues (bone), particularly knee and hip stems and large bone (femoral) intramedullary rods, using additive manufacturing (AM) by electron beam melting (EBM). Of particular interest is the fabrication of complex functional (biocompatible) mesh arrays. Mesh elements or unit cells can be divided into different regions in order to use different cell designs in different areas of the component to produce various or continually varying (functionally graded) mesh densities. Numerous design elements have been used to fabricate prototypes by AM using EBM of Ti-6Al-4V powders, where the densities have been compared with the elastic (Young) moduli determined by resonant frequency and damping analysis. Density optimization at the bone-implant interface can allow for bone ingrowth and cementless implant components. Computerized tomography (CT) scans of metal (aluminium alloy) foam have also allowed for the building of Ti-6Al-4V foams by embedding the digital-layered scans in computer-aided design or software models for EBM. Variations in mesh complexity and especially strut (or truss) dimensions alter the cooling and solidification rate, which alters the a-phase (hexagonal close-packed) microstructure by creating mixtures of a/a (martensite) observed by optical and electron metallography. Microindentation hardness measurements are characteristic of these microstructures and microstructure mixtures (a/a ) and sizes.

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Section: Results and Discussion (A) Evaluation Of Some Materialise Sosupporting

confidence: 57%

Next-generation biomedical implants using additive manufacturing of complex, cellular and functional mesh arrays

Murr

Gaytan

Medina

et al. 2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

493

290

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show abstract

“…It is depicted from this Figure that σ pl increases with increases in relative density and follow the power law relationship like other foam [2,20,[28][29][30][31][32][33]. The coefficient and exponential for the best fitted power law relationship are also reported In theoretical model, the value of constant 'c'& exponent 'n' are 0.3 and 1.5 respectively [34].…”

Section: Plateau Stressmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The porosity and pore size of metallic foam could be controlled by the control of amount of space holder material and its particle size of space holder [16]. Some materials like NaCl [17], saccharose [18], carbamide [19], magnesium [20], ammonium bicarbonate [16,21] were used as space holder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Strain Rate and Relative Density on the Compressive Deformation of Open Cell Ti6Al Alloy Foam through P/M Route

Dp¹,

Ak²,

Diwakar³

2017

J Appl Mech Eng

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Open cell Ti 6 Al alloy foams of varying porosity fractions have been made using ammonium bicarbonate as space holder through powder metallurgy route. In order to provide the sufficient strength in green compacts 2% of wt.% PVA solution was mixed with elemental metal powder and NH 4 (HCO 3 ) particle prior to cold compaction. Green pallets were sintered at three stages at three different temperatures 600°C, 800°C and 1100°C. XRD and EDX analyses confirmed that no residue of space holder remained in the sintered foam samples. The compressive deformation behavior of Ti 6 Al alloy foams with varying relative densities was conducted under different strain rates (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 s -1 ). The plateau stress, the Young's modulus and the energy absorption of the foam increase with increase in the relative density following power law relationships. But the densification strain decreases with increases in relative density following a linear relationship. The strain rate sensitivity and the strain rate sensitivity parameter of these foams were also examined, and it was found that the strain rate sensitivity parameters were varying in the range 0.034 to 0.078.

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“…A solid state method using space holder material which allows for simple and accurate control of pore fraction, pore shape and connectivity of porous metal is used in this present research. 8) Many different kind of space holder have been used to produce porous metal using this method, such as polymer, magnesium, 9) sodium chloride, 8) and ammonium hydro carbonate. 10) Solid state space holder method will produce two kind of porosity, macro porosity produced by space holder and micro porosity from the neck growing process between metal powders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Macro- and Micro-Porosity on Mechanical Properties of a Porous Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated Using Solid-State Space-Holder Method

et al. 2014

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The effect of macro and micro porosity on properties of porous Ti-6Al-4V samples fabricated using a solid state space holder method is investigated. Sintering with mixing condition, with and without process control agents (PCA), and sintering conditions, pressure and temperature range of 3060 MPa and 700725°C were performed in order to get different macro pore morphology and micro pore quantity. It is found that macro-pore plays significant role to determine the properties of porous Ti-6Al-4V. Open porosity, Young's modulus and strength are affected by the distribution of the pores. Randomly distributed pores will results in high value of open porosity yet higher Young's modulus. Micro porosity only less affects on the mechanical properties of the porous product.

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Processing of titanium foams using magnesium spacer particles

Cited by 226 publications

References 10 publications

Next-generation biomedical implants using additive manufacturing of complex, cellular and functional mesh arrays

Next-generation biomedical implants using additive manufacturing of complex, cellular and functional mesh arrays

Effect of Strain Rate and Relative Density on the Compressive Deformation of Open Cell Ti6Al Alloy Foam through P/M Route

Effects of Macro- and Micro-Porosity on Mechanical Properties of a Porous Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated Using Solid-State Space-Holder Method

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