Processing thin but robust electrolytes for solid-state batteries

Recent advancements in solid electrolytes integrated into all-solid-state 2D and 3D lithium-ion microbatteries

“…154 For example, LiZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 prepared at 1200 C underwent the phase transition from monoclinic to rhombohedral when it was heated, resulting in increased ionic conductivity of up to 1.2 Â 10 À2 S cm À1 measured at 300 C. 18 In general, several reviews considered the recent advances, challenges, and perspectives of NASICON-type electrolytes, and some of their potential in microbattery applications. 16,18,25,38,167,168 One of a few thin-lm batteries with NASICON-type electrolyte was investigated by Hofmann et al Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ti 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 electrolyte was deposited by PLD and analysed in the microbattery structure with a Si anode and a LiCoPO 4 cathode. 169 The cathode-electrolyte interface was studied particularly and signicant inter-diffusion processes that are highly dependent on heat treatment were observed.…”

“…Several review papers covered the general principles, overall information on the materials used for electrodes and electrolytes, and deposition techniques of all-solid-state thin lm and 3D microbatteries. 1,7,[35][36][37][38][39] Other articles discussed all-solid-state microbatteries modelling and simulations evaluating the effect of 2D or 3D structures and mechanical stresses on the microbattery performance. 23,40 The reviews with a particular focus on the microbatteries with Si anode 41 and LiCoO 2 (LCO) cathode 42 also provided useful information on several solid electrolytes integrated into these structures.…”

Transitioning solid-state batteries from lab to market: Linking electro-chemo-mechanics with practical considerations

“…While these methods present advantages in terms of projected processing costs and thickness control, the increase of Li + loss and high configurational entropy associated with deposition of multi-cation ceramics both introduce additional challenges in achieving the desired stoichiometries and phase purities. 20 Due to these challenges, solid electrolytes fabricated by these alternative methods typically have thus far significantly (>103) lower ionic conductivities. 20 While crystalline and glassy sulfides typically have lower fracture strengths, they are also typically more mechanically compliant than oxides.…”

“…20 Due to these challenges, solid electrolytes fabricated by these alternative methods typically have thus far significantly (>103) lower ionic conductivities. 20 While crystalline and glassy sulfides typically have lower fracture strengths, they are also typically more mechanically compliant than oxides. This allows for easier densification, as sintering is possible at lower temperatures, even by room-temperature cold pressing.…”

Design of triple and quadruple phase boundaries and chemistries for environmental SO2 electrochemical sensing

“…9 Despite the proof-ofconcept demonstration of their ability to fulll the role as an electrolyte for these sensors, their rather low carrier mobility typically necessitates high operating temperatures beyond 500 C to ensure sufficient ionic conductivity and a fast response and recovery time for the sensor. It has been shown that developments in solid-state batteries (SSBs) 10 have been strongly connected to the new discoveries of novel solid-state electrolyte and electrode candidates, 11,12 which have recently been slowly integrated in beyond-battery applications such as sensors and memristors. [13][14][15] Very recently, a rst proof-of-concept for a potentiometric type III SO 2 sensor (where the auxiliary sensing electrode contains both the gaseous SO 2 species and the Li + mobile carrier of the solid electrolyte) based on a Li 2 SO 4 -CaSO 4 -LLZO composite sensing electrode and Li 6.54 La 3.00 Zr 1.36 Ta 0.50 O 11.73 solid electrolyte was demonstrated, showing a close-totheoretical sensitivity of 47.7 mV dec À1 at a remarkably low operating temperature of the sensor of 240 C. 13 This work demonstrated the ability to widen the range to track more gas pollutants from CO 2 to SO 2 with a similar sensor geometry.…”