Prodigiosin production from Serratia marcescens strain CSK and their antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic effect and in silico study of caspase‐3 apoptotic protein

Abstract

The present study emphasizes the production and optimization of prodigiosin (PG) pigment from Serratia marcescens strain CSK, which was isolated from Shevaroy Hills, Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India. The response surface methodology analysis was applied for the optimization process of PG production. The maximum production of PG (2950 mg/L) was obtained at pH 7.0 with the addition of tryptophan (4.0 g/L) and sucrose (3.0 g/L) with 60 h of incubation. Further, the PG was characterized using high‐performance liquid chromatography, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The purified PG exhibited strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Also, PG's cytotoxic effects against human breast cancer (MCF‐7) cells were observed through acridine orange‐ethidium bromide (AO‐EB) and Hoechst staining. Molecular dockingstudies revealed that PG could bind positively to the caspase‐3 (breast cancer protein 1RE1) binding site with a binding energy score of 17.37 kcal/mol. Overall, the novel PG was found to be an anticancer drug for potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

Potential use of bacterial pigments as anticancer drugs and female reproductive toxicity: a review

“…In addition to S. marcescens, the pigment has also been isolated from several gram-positive and gram-negative species (83,86) . Between this pigmentproducing species, S. marcescens stands out for being easy to cultivate, providing massive production of this bioactive product (87) .…”

“…Although the mechanism by which these compounds act, is complex and probably multifactorial, a wide variety of studies have demonstrated important pigment-associated properties. Prodigiosins have exhibited varied properties, namely: 1-antiviral, specifically inhibiting at least the NF-kappaB and Akt signaling pathways, which promotes accelerated cell death in cells infected with Herpes simplex virus (91) ; 2-antimicrobial activity, with 30% inhibitory activity for Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus (92) ; 3-anti-inflammatory activity, identified as a potential COX-2 protein inhibitor (93) ; and 4antioxidant activity, with a DPPH radical scavenging potential of ~78% and ABTS radical scavenging potential of ~71% at a concentration of 500 μg/mL (87) .…”

“…Serratia marcescens (84) , Hahella chejuensis, Pseudomonas magnesiorubra, Vibrio spp., Streptomyces spp, Streptoverticillium rubrireticuli, Actinomadura madurae, Saccharopolyspora sp., Actinomadura pelletieri, Alteromonas rubra, Pseudoalteromonas denitrificans e Hahella chejuensis (83,86) Antiviral (91) , antibacterial, antifungal (92) , antiinflammatory (93) , antioxidant (87) , anticancer (15,89,(94)(95)(96) K562 leukemia cells (89) , Jurkat cells, NOS, HL-60, RAMOS of hematopoietic cancer (94) , NCHI-292 lung carcinoma cells, HEP-2 cells of laryngeal carcinoma, MCF-7 breast cancer cells (95) , HeLa cells from cervical cancer (96) , MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells (15) In vitro N/A Pyocyanin Pseudomonas aeruginosa (98,103) Antibacterial (103) , prooxidant (17) , antifungal (98) , anticancer (99,(104)(105) HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells (104) , Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells (99) In vitro N/A Melanin Streptomyces glaucescen (46) , Bacillus licheniformis (74) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa (48) , Burkholderia xenovorans, Legionella pneumophila (73) Antioxidant (46,48) , anticancer (46)(47)74) HEP-2 cells of laryngeal carcinoma (47) , HFB4 skin cancer cells (46) , MCF-7 breast cancer cells, HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells, HCT116 colon cancer cells (74) In vitro N/A Violacein Chromobacterium violaceum…”

Prodigiosin: a promising biomolecule with many potential biomedical applications

“…PG is a red pigment mainly produced by Serratia marcescens strains and other microorganisms, that shows many promising potential therapeutic activities [ 8 ]. It was demonstrated to be an effective proapoptotic agent against multiple cancer cell lines including multi-drug resistance cells causing low or no toxicity on normal cell lines [ 9 , 10 ]. PG also displays antimicrobial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and immunomodulatory activities [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Neurotherapeutic effects of prodigiosin conjugated with silver-nanoparticles in rats exposed to cadmium chloride-induced neurotoxicity

“…It was proven to be a powerful proapoptotic agent against a variety of cancer cell lines, including those that were resistant to numerous drugs, while having little to no impact on normal cell lines (Sudhakar et al, 2021). The antibacterial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and immunomodulatory properties of PG are also demonstrated (Suryawanshi et al, 2017).…”