Product formation mechanisms inside a burning cigarette

Baker, Richard R.

doi:10.1016/0360-1285(81)90008-3

Cited by 85 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This latter material has been formed during the period of volume consumption at the fire cone of the cigarette. The temperature at the fire cone rises from about 600°C before the puff to over 900°C during the puff (Baker, 1981). The bulk of the particulate matter is not formed by combustion but by pyrolysis of tobacco in a region behind the fire cone.…”

Section: Time (Secondsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the Particle Size Distribution of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke During a Puff

Ingebrethsen

1986

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Section: Time (Secondsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the Particle Size Distribution of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke During a Puff

Ingebrethsen

1986

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…The fundamental thermal properties of a burning cigarette have long been an active area of research (Egerton et al 1963), mainly to further understanding of the formation and chemical composition of smoke (Baker 1981). The resulting knowledge is, however, intrinsically linked to the unintended consequence of a burning cigarette acting as an ignition source.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

et al. 2016

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A burning cigarette is a known cause of fire when mishandled. Studies into cigarette ignition propensity intensified after the US Cigarette Fire Safety Act of 1984. Extensive research has investigated the thermal properties of a smouldering cigarette, mostly away from any object of thermal contact or interference. To understand fire ignition, the thermophysics of cigarette's burning tip has also been examined with and without a contact substrate. In either free or contact smouldering cases, oxygen diffusion through the cigarette wrapping paper has been found to be an important parameter controlling the rate of burn and the energy released. Research by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology led to a standardized test method to determine cigarette ignition propensity, and eventually regulations enforcing Reduced Ignition Propensity (RIP) cigarettes have been passed in all US states and other countries. Among the physical parameters of a burning cigarette related to its thermal energy release, circumferential bands applied to the cigarette wrapping paper that reduce air permeability or diffusivity during smouldering have become the main approach to produce commercial RIP cigarettes. Studies have been performed to ensure that RIP cigarettes have equivalent or lower mainstream smoke yields and biological activities as compared with their conventional non-RIP equivalents. The effects of the paper band properties (width, gap between the bands, type as well as the amount of the material applied) have been studied systematically to establish a manufacturability window. Studies on human smoking behaviour confirmed that RIP cigarettes matched closely their predecessors. The bands, as intended, alter the combustion temperatures during cigarette smouldering within the band. Further research into the interaction of RIP cigarettes with different types of commercial upholstery fabrics and materials should help to understand its mechanism of action in support of emerging postimplementation fire statistics.

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“…The sample (200 µg, in ethanol solution or in solid form) was deposited on quartz wool and heated inside a small quartz tube under a flow of 9% oxygen in nitrogen (at 4.6 mL/sec) using the following conditions: holding the initial temperature of 300 °C for 5 sec, increasing the temperature from 300 °C to 900 °C with a ramp of 30 °C/sec; holding the final temperature of 900 °C for 5 sec. The rationale behind each parameter was the best possible approximation of the temperature conditions in the glowing cone during cigarette smoking, which were described by MURAMATSU (201) and BAKER (202,203). Smoking studies with cigarettes containing the substances under investigation in labeled form (using 14 C and also the stable isotopes 13 C, 18 O and deuterium) are the most appropriate and definitive way of determining the intact transfer of an additive to mainstream smoke and the potential formation of pyrolysis products.…”

Section: Pyrolysis Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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Product formation mechanisms inside a burning cigarette

Cited by 85 publications

References 31 publications

Evolution of the Particle Size Distribution of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke During a Puff

Evolution of the Particle Size Distribution of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke During a Puff

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

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