Product Identification and Safety Evaluation of Aflatoxin B₁ Decontaminated by Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water

Abstract

In this study with aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts, the effectiveness of electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) in the decontamination of aflatoxin B(1) was investigated. The aflatoxin B(1) content was markedly reduced upon treatment with EOW, particularly with neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (NEW). The conversion product of EOW treatment was isolated and identified as 8-chloro-9-hydroxy aflatoxin B(1) (compound 1), which is an amphiphilic molecule, in contrast to fat-soluble aflatoxin B(1). A mutagenic response study revealed that the number of revertants per plate after treatment of bacterial strains TA-97, TA-98, TA-100, and TA-102 with NEW was within the standard value range. The HepG2 cell viability assay yielded an IC(50) value of compound 1 approximately 150 mM. This study indicates that EOW had the ability to decontaminate aflatoxin B(1), and the conversion product, compound 1, did not exhibit mutagenic activity or cytotoxic effects.

Ameliorative Effects of Neutral Electrolyzed Water on Growth Performance, Biochemical Constituents, and Histopathological Changes in Turkey Poults during Aflatoxicosis

“…During the electrolysis, neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) is generated and it is stable in terms of loss of chlorine oxidants and ORP. Since NEW is non-toxic, non-corrosive and safe due to its physicochemical properties and a reverting capacity to ordinary water when diluted with tap water [17], NEW could be used for the application of safer, healthier and more acceptable methods for aflatoxin detoxification. Mounting evidence suggests that EOW has strong antifungal activity [18,19] and it is also effective in detoxifying AFB 1 in peanuts and maize [20,21]; however, there are some challenges faced in the development of this technology, such as the quick loss of activity in the presence of organic matter.…”

Application of electrolyzed water on reducing the microbial populations on commercial mung bean sprouts

“…Between pH values of 3 and 6, HClO was the main form of available chlorine. As the pH increased further, to between 8 and 10, the primary form of available chlorine was ClO - (Xiong et al 2012). These results were verified by ultraviolet spectroscopy, which showed that at around a pH of 4, the absorption peak measured at 232 nm, regarded as the characteristic absorption peak for HClO, reached a maximum.…”

“…The results of the present study have shown that treatment using AEW with a pH of 4.47 can reduce the counts of total bacteria, yeasts and molds, and coliforms significantly, compared with using AEW with pH values of 3.02, 5.58 and 6.51. Previous studies have indicated that the disinfection depends on the form of available chlorine, which is strongly influenced by the pH value (Xiong et al 2012). When the pH was less than 2, Cl 2 gas and HOCl were the main forms of available chlorine.…”

“…It has been shown that the form of ACC present can alter as the pH changes, which is highly related to the antimicrobial activity of AEW (Xiong et al 2012(Xiong et al , 2014. However, even at approximately the same pH value, AEW with different ACC values can also exhibit different disinfection abilities (Yang et al 2013a).…”

The use ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeimmobilized on activated alumina, and alumina silicate beads for the reduction of Aflatoxin M1in vitro

“…In order to inactivate aflatoxin in products, several strategies were introduced, such as physical (Sun et al ), chemical (Xiong et al ) as well as biological treatments (Kim et al ).…”