“…Meanwhile, the 'learning-byexporting hypothesis' suggests that exporting firms can become more productive because they are exposed to international markets. Although a great number of studies conclude that firms that introduce innovation are more likely to export (e.g., Roper & Love, 2002;Cassiman et al, 2010;Saridakis et al, 2019), the empirical evidence for learning-by-exporting is relatively inconclusive (Salomon & Shaver, 2005;Bratti & Felice, 2009Kiriyama, 2012) and limited, especially in the context of SMEs. Nevertheless, this effect is found to hold (e.g., Salomon & Shaver, 2005;Wagner, 2007;Chang et al, 2013;Bratti & Felice, 2012); hence, we state that firms will be encouraged to introduce innovation due to their participation in international markets and due to the knowledge gained from foreign markets (e.g., Liu & Buck, 2007;Abubakar et al, 2019).…”