Production and Characterization of Flame Retardant Leather Waste Filled Thermoplastic Polyurethane

Ustuntag, Sumeyye; Cakir, Nida; Erdem, Aysegul; Ozmen, Ozkan; Dogan, Mehmet

doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c09074

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 57 publications

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“…Extensive efforts have been made over the last years to investigate and develop novel sustainable solutions for PU foams comprehensively. They can be divided into the application of polyols from plant-based materials [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] or industrial residues [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], the development of non-isocyanate PUs [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], as well as the incorporation of natural [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ] or waste-based fillers [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], and additives like flame retardants [ 40 , 41 ], which could reduce the utilization of virgin PU and provide novel functionalities in a sustainable manner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire-Retardant Flexible Foamed Polyurethane (PU)-Based Composites: Armed and Charmed Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Particles

Kosmela,

Sałasińska,

Kowalkowska-Zedler

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Inadequate fire resistance of polymers raises questions about their advanced applications. Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams have myriad applications but inherently suffer from very high flammability. Because of the dependency of the ultimate properties (mechanical and damping performance) of PU foams on their cellular structure, reinforcement of PU with additives brings about further concerns. Though they are highly flammable and known for their environmental consequences, rubber wastes are desired from a circularity standpoint, which can also improve the mechanical properties of PU foams. In this work, melamine cyanurate (MC), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are used as well-known flame retardants (FRs) to develop highly fire-retardant ground tire rubber (GTR) particles for flexible PU foams. Analysis of the burning behavior of the resulting PU/GTR composites revealed that the armed GTR particles endowed PU with reduced flammability expressed by over 30% increase in limiting oxygen index, 50% drop in peak heat release rate, as well as reduced smoke generation. The Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) was used to classify and label PU/GTR composites such that the amount of GTR was found to be more important than that of FR type. The wide range of FRI (0.94–7.56), taking Poor to Good performance labels, was indicative of the sensitivity of flame retardancy to the hybridization of FR with GTR components, a feature of practicality. The results are promising for fire protection requirements in buildings; however, the flammability reduction was achieved at the expense of mechanical and thermal insulation performance.

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