Production and Enhancement of Hydrogen From Water: A Review

Shahid, Muhammad; Bidin, Noriah; Mat, Yacoob; Ullah, Mohib

doi:10.1115/1.4006432

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The characteristics of alternative fuels and vehicles and their impacts on emissions reductions and energy consumptions are documented in a number of studies [4][5][6][7][8]. With respect to the literature, the most important analyses are summarized in CONCAWE reports [9,10] and Toro et al [11].…”

Section: Methods Of Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving on Renewables—On the Prospects of Alternative Fuels up to 2050 From an Energetic Point-of-View in European Union Countries

Ajanović¹,

Jungmeier²,

Beermann³

et al. 2013

Journal of Energy Resources Technology

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The core objective of this paper is to investigate the perspectives of "renewable fuels" mainly from an energetic point-of-view in a dynamic framework until 2050 in comparison to fossil fuels. In addition, the impact on the economic prospects of an improvement of the energetic performance is analyzed. As renewable fuels, various categories of first and second generation biofuels as well as electricity and hydrogen from renewable energy sources are considered. The most important results of this analysis are: (i) While for first generation biofuels, the relatively high share of fossil energy is the major problem, for second generation biofuels, the major problems are the low conversion efficiency and the corresponding high input of renewable feedstocks. Up to 2050, it is expected that these problems will be relieved, but only slightly, (ii) The energetic improvements up to 2050 will lead to substantial reduction of energetic losses in the well-to-tank as well as in the tank-to-wheel part of the energy service provision chain, (iii) By 2050, the total driving costs of all analyzed fuels and powertrains will almost even out. (iv) The major uncertainty for battery electric and fuel cell vehicles is how fast technological learning will take place especially for the battery and the fuel cells.

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Section: Methods Of Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving on Renewables—On the Prospects of Alternative Fuels up to 2050 From an Energetic Point-of-View in European Union Countries

Ajanović¹,

Jungmeier²,

Beermann³

et al. 2013

Journal of Energy Resources Technology

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“…Among the most studied fields, attention has been driven to the mineralization of organic contaminants 1-3 and reduction of inorganic contaminants, 4-7 disinfection of water and air with different concentrations of pollutants, 8-13 production of hydrogen from water and energy production from photovoltaic cells. 14-21…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the most studied fields, attention has been driven to the mineralization of organic contaminants [1][2][3] and reduction of inorganic contaminants, [4][5][6][7] disinfection of water and air with different concentrations of pollutants, [8][9][10][11][12][13] production of hydrogen from water and energy production from photovoltaic cells. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] The process of heterogeneous photocatalysis is characterized by the formation of free radicals, especially hydroxyl (OH). These radicals are highly oxidant, non-selective, and capable of reacting with a variety of substances to produce deep modifications in their chemical structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, characterization, and application of polypyrrole/TiO₂ composites in photocatalytic processes: A review

Amorim

Steffen

et al. 2020

Polymers and Polymer Composites

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Hybrid materials composed of semiconductor oxide metals and conducting polymers have been highlighted as a new class of materials, with superior properties compared to their pure constituents. Among the studied composites to photocatalytic applications, the hybrids of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and polypyrrole (PPy) are promising due to several advantages over the pure TiO2 nanoparticles. The PPy/TiO2 composite has been effectively synthetized by chemical polymerization methods as in situ polymerization, photopolymerization, electrochemical polymerization, and molecular imprinting polymerization (MIP). All the cited methods appear to be effective in reducing the band gap energy, which suggests an increase in the formation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs and, consequently, an improvement of the light absorption in the visible region (400–700 nm). In addition, the doping of PPy/TiO2 with noble metals improves the separation of charges in the semiconductor particle, inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. All advantages are evidenced by the characterization results of SEM, TEM, HRTEM, UV-vis DRS, FTIR, XRD, PL, TGA and electrical properties. Finally, results from literature present that PPy/TiO2 composites have better photocatalytic activity than the pure TiO2, being an alternative photocatalyst promising for visible light applications. Thus, this work presents a review of the synthesis, characterization, and application of PPy/TiO2 composites in the photocatalytic processes.

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“…Among them, hydrogen has the outstanding advantages of wide flammable assortment and will also not produce unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide [2][3][4][5], if there are no lubricants in the combustion chamber. In order to adopt, gaseous hydrogen as a fuel for an international engine, lots of research were carried out on hydrogen supply system [3,[6][7][8], combustion characteristics [9,10] and so on. And many areas of research are concerned with the adoption of in-cylinder type injection system for high pressure hydrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Gas as a Fuel in Direct Injection Diesel Engine

Dhanasekaran

Mohankumar

2015

J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

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Hydrogen is expected to be one of the most important fuels in the near future for solving the problem caused by the greenhouse gases, for protecting environment and saving conventional fuels. In this study, a dual fuel engine of hydrogen and diesel was investigated. Hydrogen was conceded through the intake port, and simultaneously air and diesel was pervaded into the cylinder. Using electronic gas injector and electronic control unit, the injection timing and duration varied. In this investigation, a single cylinder, KIRLOSKAR AV1, DI Diesel engine was used. Hydrogen injection timing was fixed at TDC and injection duration was timed for 30°, 60°, and 90°crank angles. The injection timing of diesel was fixed at 23°BTDC. When hydrogen is mixed with inlet air, emanation of HC, CO and CO 2 decreased without any emission (exhaustion) of smoke while increasing the brake thermal efficiency.

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Production and Enhancement of Hydrogen From Water: A Review

Cited by 17 publications

References 36 publications

Driving on Renewables—On the Prospects of Alternative Fuels up to 2050 From an Energetic Point-of-View in European Union Countries

Driving on Renewables—On the Prospects of Alternative Fuels up to 2050 From an Energetic Point-of-View in European Union Countries

Synthesis, characterization, and application of polypyrrole/TiO₂ composites in photocatalytic processes: A review

Hydrogen Gas as a Fuel in Direct Injection Diesel Engine

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Production and Enhancement of Hydrogen From Water: A Review

Cited by 17 publications

References 36 publications

Driving on Renewables—On the Prospects of Alternative Fuels up to 2050 From an Energetic Point-of-View in European Union Countries

Driving on Renewables—On the Prospects of Alternative Fuels up to 2050 From an Energetic Point-of-View in European Union Countries

Synthesis, characterization, and application of polypyrrole/TiO2 composites in photocatalytic processes: A review

Hydrogen Gas as a Fuel in Direct Injection Diesel Engine

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Synthesis, characterization, and application of polypyrrole/TiO₂ composites in photocatalytic processes: A review