Production and Evaluation of Fractionated Tamarind Seed Oil Methyl Esters as a New Source of Biodiesel

Abstract

Biodiesel has attracted considerable interest as an alternative biofuel due to its many advantages over conventional petroleum diesel such as inherent lubricity, low toxicity, renewable raw materials, biodegradability, superior flash point, and low carbon footprint. However, high production costs, poor low temperature operability, variability of fuel quality from different feedstocks, and low storage stability negatively impact more widespread adoption. In order to reduce production costs, inexpensive inedible oilseed alternatives are needed for biodiesel production. This study utilized inedible tamarind (Tamarind indica) seed oil as an alternative biodiesel feedstock, which contained linoleic (31.8%), oleic (17.1%), and lauric (12.0%) acids as the primary fatty acids. A simple and cost-effective high vacuum fractional distillation (HVFD) methodology was used to separate the oil into three fractions (F1, F2, and F3). Subsequent transesterification utilizing basic, acidic, and enzymatic catalysis produced biodiesel of consistent quality and overcame the problem of low temperature biodiesel performance. The most desirable biodiesel with regard to low temperature operability was produced from fractions F2 and F3, which were enriched in unsaturated fatty acids relative to tamarind seed oil. Other properties such as density and cetane number were within the limits specified in the American and European biodiesel standards.

The Combination of Tamarindus indica and Coenzyme Q10 can be a Potential Therapy Preference to Attenuate Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Injury

“…Another report elucidated the enhancement of antioxidative enzyme activities in the liver and kidneys following CoQ supplement in a piroxicam-intoxicated rat (Abdeen et al, 2020). Besides the antioxidant properties, TM and CoQ have antihyperlipidemic (Velu et al, 2018;Gutierrez-Mariscal et al, 2020) and antiinflammatory (Abdeen et al, 2020;Mushtaq et al, 2021;da Silveira e Sá Rde et al, 2015) capabilities, which supposedly play a role in restoring serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and obscuring lymphocytic infiltrates as indicated in our histopathology results, respectively. There are various mechanisms by which CoQ serves lipid metabolism such as boosting fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, the primary carrier of blood cholesterol, which is implicated in the cumulation of cholesterol (Gutierrez-Mariscal et al, 2020).…”

“…The GC/MS chromatogram revealed that saponin, terpenoids, steroids, oleic acid, fatty acids methyl esters, vitamin A, and glyceryl palmitate were the most ubiquitous constituents in the TM seed extract ( Table 1 ). Notably, these secondary metabolites evince diverse therapeutic potential, mainly antioxidant ( S et al, 2021 ; Atawodi et al, 2013 ), anti-inflammatory ( Mushtaq et al, 2021 ), and antihyperlipidemic ( Velu et al, 2018 ) properties. The presence of these phytochemicals is in congruence with that reported in preceding studies those screened the prime constituents of T. indica seeds ( S et al, 2021 ; Mushtaq et al, 2021 ; Sadiq et al, 2016 ).…”

“…Notably, these secondary metabolites evince diverse therapeutic potential, mainly antioxidant ( S et al, 2021 ; Atawodi et al, 2013 ), anti-inflammatory ( Mushtaq et al, 2021 ), and antihyperlipidemic ( Velu et al, 2018 ) properties. The presence of these phytochemicals is in congruence with that reported in preceding studies those screened the prime constituents of T. indica seeds ( S et al, 2021 ; Mushtaq et al, 2021 ; Sadiq et al, 2016 ). Furthermore, the current investigation has proven the antioxidant potential of TM by the presence of remarkable levels of phenols (611.08 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (179.08 mg CE/g), and increments of free radicals scavenging activity (according to DPPH • and ABTS + assays), supporting the findings of prior investigations ( Rebaya et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Notably, these secondary metabolites evince diverse therapeutic potential, mainly antioxidant (S et al, 2021;Atawodi et al, 2013), anti-inflammatory (Mushtaq et al, 2021), and antihyperlipidemic (Velu et al, 2018) properties. The presence of these phytochemicals is in congruence with that reported in preceding studies those screened the prime constituents of T. indica seeds (S et al, 2021;Mushtaq et al, 2021;Sadiq et al, 2016).…”

Comparative Studies of Fatty Acid Methyl, Ethyl and i-Propyl Esters of Tamarindus indica Seed Oil as Biodiesel Base-Stock

“…The seed oil resembles that of groundnut oil which is thrown as waste. Tamarind seed oil was found to contain carbohydrates (50-55%), tannins (20%), fiber (12-20%) and oil (4.5-16.2%) [11]. However, the seeds were found to be unsuitable for human consumption due to the presence of tannins and others toxic chemicals.…”