Production and Trade Performance of Blackgram (Vigna mungo) and Greengram (Vigna radiata) in India and Myanmar

Abstract

Black gram and green gram are important legume crops in India and Myanmar. The largest producer of black gram and green gram is India but it does not meet domestic consumption. The study was conducted with time series data from the year 1970 to 2019 in order to work out the growth patterns in area, production, productivity, export and import of black gram and green gram. CAGR and instability was calculated in order to better understand fluctuations of black gram and green gram year by year. Area and production increased in both countries from the year 1970-71 to 2018-19. However, the yield of black gram and green gram was stagnant in India which was over 500 kg/ha in 2018-19 whereas the yield in Myanmar was more than 1000 kg/ha during the same period. The yield gap between India and Myanmar was about 800 kg/ha. With a growing population and often unfavorable seasonal conditions, the country's production regularly fell short of consumption needs requiring it to import large quantities of pulses. Cropping patterns like rice-pulses, intercropping with other crops and HYV can improve productivity and expand pulse areas in India. India is the largest importer of black gram and has greater bargaining power to dominate the black gram market in Myanmar. Trade agreement is needed to overcome the risks of price fluctuation between the two countries.

Mining legume germplasm for genetic gains: An Indian perspective

“…We also find that in the process of breeding modern varieties, the focus on yield per se has eventually led to a gradual decrease in the nutritional qualities of new varieties. Comparative studies on the nutritional composition of landraces and traditional cultivars in various crops, such as vegetables and fruits (Davis et al, 2004), wheat (Fan et al, 2008, the potato (White et al, 2009), the common bean a Production and yield a ata for green gram and black gram are taken from two other studies (Schreinemachers et al, 2019;Khine et al, 2021).…”

“…Figures represent average yield and production for the period of 2016–2020. a Production and yield a ata for green gram and black gram are taken from two other studies ( Schreinemachers et al, 2019 ; Khine et al, 2021 ). …”

“… a Production and yield a ata for green gram and black gram are taken from two other studies ( Schreinemachers et al, 2019 ; Khine et al, 2021 ). …”

QTL analysis of seed weight and seed dormancy in black gram (Vigna mungo [L.] Hepper)

“…mungo [L.] Hepper) is an important legume crop of Asia, mainly grown in South and Southeast Asian countries, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, whereas elsewhere, it is grown in Australia, Argentina, and Brazil for export to Asian countries (Kaewwongwal et al, 2015). The global cultivation area of black gram is more than 7 million ha, with India being the largest producer (about 5.6 million ha) and consumer, with Myanmar the second largest producer (about 1 million ha) and the biggest exporter (Khine et al, 2021). Black gram is relatively tolerant to drought stress and has a short life cycle (75-90 d), with ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in association with soil bacteria of the genera Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium.…”

“…Black gram is relatively tolerant to drought stress and has a short life cycle (75-90 d), with ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in association with soil bacteria of the genera Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. Therefore, the crop is popularly grown as a major component in several cropping systems, but mainly after rice, wheat and maize (Kaewwongwal et al, 2015;Khine et al, 2021). Dry seeds of black gram contain high amounts of protein and carbohydrates, being about 20-25% protein and 65-75% (Kaewwongwal et al, 2015); thus, the seeds are important sources of protein for people consuming cereal-based diets and for vegetarians.…”