Production, characterisation, utilisation, and beneficial soil application of steel slag: A review

O’Connor, James T.; Nguyen, Thi Bang Tuyen; Honeyands, Tom; Monaghan, Brian J; O’Dea, Damien; Rinklebe, Jörg; Vinu, Ajayan; Hoang, Son A.; Singh, Gurwinder; Kirkham, M.B.; Bolan, Nanthi

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126478

Cited by 93 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…( 4) coupled with solutions from Eqs. [1] through [24]. The cooling was controlled in the first two cooling stages CD and DE, and then cooled naturally in air for stage EF.…”

Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While more than 80 pct of the steel slag was utilised for cementitious products, concrete, road construction and fertiliser in Europe, United States and Japan, only about 30 pct of the steel slag was utilised in China. [1] Due to the high lime and iron content, steelmaking slag has historically been recycled into the sintering or steelmaking process thereby reducing cost and CO 2 emissions by replacing raw fluxes, however, the amount of recycling is limited by the slag's high phosphorus (P) content. Conversely, the high-P slag can be a source of fertiliser or soil nutrient, particularly if enriched P content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, the high-P slag can be a source of fertiliser or soil nutrient, particularly if enriched P content. [1] Utilising steelmaking slag for soil improvement would help ease global concerns about the long-term access to sufficient phosphorus for food production. [2] Together with the globally increasing demand for steel products, these facts mean that an opportunity exists to separate the P from the iron in steelmaking slag leading to both environmental and economic benefits, if a suitable separation process can be developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Segregation of a Phosphorus Rich Phase During Differential Solidification of BOF Slag

Nguyen

Mitra

Evans

et al. 2022

Metall Mater Trans B

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This study investigated the segregation behaviour of the phosphorus rich (P-rich) phase from the iron-rich (Fe-rich) phase in steelmaking slag from laboratory to industrial scale using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in order to propose a suitable separation practice for the P-rich phase. Crucible experiments and corresponding CFD simulations using enthalpy-porosity approach were first performed to verify the concentration difference of phosphorus in the two phases. Both simulation and experimental results showed ~ 17 to 18 pct increase in phosphorus concentration in the top region of the crucible after solidification. The simulations were then scaled up to an industrial slag pot and slag pit. Reasonable agreement was obtained with published results for phosphorus concentration, and the total liquid amount in the 16-tonne slag pot, under practical cooling conditions. Simulations in the 30-tonne slag pit with in-ground insulation showed an increase of ~ 25 pct of the P-rich phase in the top region (while concentrating the Fe-rich phase in the bottom region). Differential concentration of the P-rich phase within the slag (as a result of heat transfer, micro/macro-segregation) suggested that separation of phosphorus in industrial scale slag pot and slag pit—as batch systems—is possible. Suggestions for separation in continuous operation are also discussed.

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“…( 4) coupled with solutions from Eqs. [1] through [24]. The cooling was controlled in the first two cooling stages CD and DE, and then cooled naturally in air for stage EF.…”

Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Segregation of a Phosphorus Rich Phase During Differential Solidification of BOF Slag

Nguyen

Mitra

Evans

et al. 2022

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…Currently, there is limited knowledge of the land application and risks of slag utilisation. This lack of understanding has resulted in slag being used inappropriately, and the resource is often wasted in landfills [35]. The main application of BOF slag used to be as an aggregate in the construction sector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Steel Slag for Degraded Land Remediation

Díaz-Piloñeta

Fernández

Terrados-Cristos

et al. 2022

Land

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Land degradation, and especially acidification, are global issues that need to be addressed. A common practice to correct this problem is the use of lime or chemical fertilisers that involve the extraction of raw materials. This study proposes a more sustainable alternative using Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag. BOF slag is the main waste from the steel industry that is usually accumulated in landfills, which also implies environmental impacts. In this study, a series of laboratory tests have been carried out to analyse the feasibility of using BOF slag for the reclamation of degraded land. For soil acidification, BOF slag will be analysed as a liming agent. On the other hand, the benefits slag can provide as a nutrient source will be tested. As an added value, pre-treated and untreated slag will be compared. The results of these short-time experiments show how BOF slag could be a sustainable alternative as liming agent and amendment. Its use increased the levels of some micro and macronutrients available for plant growth and improved soil quality. It could, therefore, be a sustainable management practice that makes an important contribution to the circular economy.

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“…Steel slag is a residue that has potential application in several applications, being highly used as an alternative to traditional materials. As an example, steel slag is used as an additive to improve the physicochemical properties of the soil, increasing its pH [16]. It can also be used to decrease demand for liming in acidic soil [17,18], production of ecological potassium silicate fertilizer [19], can be used in road construction because of its high hardness and good cementitious properties [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical, thermal, and microstructural characterization of polyethylene terephthalate composites reinforced with steel slag geopolymer waste

Santos

Ramos

Silveira

et al. 2021

jcc

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The search for sustainable materials has grown globally due to the struggle against environmental impacts. From the recycling of PET packaging and the use of steel mill slag residue, from the steel production, it was developed in this work composites of PET matrix with additions of geopolymer obtained from steel mill slag. The composites were produced with concentrations of 0, 20, 40, and 60% of geopolymer and were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, DSC, and SEM. The XRD analyses indicated the presence of mineral constituents referring to the geopolymer in the composites. Through the thermal analyses, it was observed that the addition of geopolymer promoted the increase in thermal stability, besides increasing the crystallinity in concentrations of 40 and 60% of geopolymer. From the micrographs, it was observed that the addition of reinforcement changed the morphology of the material, promoting an increase in the porosity of the material. From the characterizations, it is possible to state that the addition of geopolymers in the PET matrix produces low-cost composites with good properties and can be used in engineering applications.

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Production, characterisation, utilisation, and beneficial soil application of steel slag: A review

Cited by 93 publications

References 114 publications

Segregation of a Phosphorus Rich Phase During Differential Solidification of BOF Slag

Segregation of a Phosphorus Rich Phase During Differential Solidification of BOF Slag

Application of Steel Slag for Degraded Land Remediation

Chemical, thermal, and microstructural characterization of polyethylene terephthalate composites reinforced with steel slag geopolymer waste

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