Production of Ag−ZnO powders by hot mechanochemical processing

Guzmán, Danny; Aguilar, C.; Rojas, Paula; Criado, J. M.; Diánez, M. J.; Espinoza, Rodrigo; Guzmán, Alexis; Martínez, Constanza

doi:10.1016/s1003-6326(19)64946-0

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Consequently, G. Zhou et al [44] prepared Ag/ZnO material with particle size of 20-50 nm by co-precipitation. And D. Guzmán et al [45] completed the oxidation of Ag-Zn alloy at a low temperature and in a short time by hot mechanochemical processing, and prepared Ag/ZnO contact material with uniform dispersion distribution of nano-ZnO, which could not be achieved by traditional material processing methods.…”

Section: Modification Of Ag/zno Electrical Contact Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress in Silver Zinc Oxide Electrical Contact Material

Zhao

Xie

Fang

et al. 2021

MSF

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Since the performance of silver metal oxide (Ag/MeO) electrical contact materials directly affects the reliability and service life of switching apparatus, the related research on high-performance Ag/MeO electrical contact materials has not stopped. And with the rapid development of switching apparatus, higher and higher requirements are put forward for the performance of Ag/MeO electrical contact materials. Thanks to low and stable contact resistance, short arc burning time, good resistance to high current impulse (3000-5000 A) and good anti-arc erosion, silver zinc oxide (Ag/ZnO) more than just serves as an indispensable environmentally friendly alternative to silver cadmium oxide (Ag/CdO) electrical contact material, and has become one of the important research hotspots of Ag/MeO in recent years. Nevertheless, Ag/ZnO is suffering the increasingly serious challenges, especially the poor processability and electrical properties due to the easy segregation of zinc oxide (ZnO) during the process of preparation, which urge scholars at home and abroad to seek favorable methods to optimize the Ag/ZnO. As yet, impressive strides have been made in optimization the preparation process, nano-technology and additive modification of materials, and research on the failure mechanism of materials. Aiming to provide reference for optimizing Ag/ZnO electrical contact material, this review retrospects the research progress in Ag/ZnO electrical contact materials in recent years, and expounds the preparation methods, processing technology, modification research and failure mechanism of Ag/ZnO, and points out the future development directions of Ag/ZnO.

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Section: Modification Of Ag/zno Electrical Contact Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress in Silver Zinc Oxide Electrical Contact Material

Zhao

Xie

Fang

et al. 2021

MSF

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“…To produce more powerful starters with the current of 25 A and above, the most popular electrical contact material applied is the one based on silver—KMK-A10m (Ag—85wt%, CdO—15wt%). However, this material has been proven to be extremely harmful to people’s health and the environment [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Therefore, the research and the development of environmentally friendly alternative contact materials that do not contain cadmium is relevant and is gaining sustained attention in the academic field and the industrial sector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the Morphology of the Working Surfaces of Contacts Used in Starters in the Agro-Industrial Sector

Korobskyi,

Witaszek,

Reshetiuk

et al. 2023

Materials

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The operational suitability of electromagnetic starters equipped with experimental contacts has been substantiated within their use in electrical installations of the agro-industrial sector, which may be affected by the environments containing aggressive components. Tests on commutation wear resistance and investigations on arc erosion of the series-produced contact parts of such starters as PML-1100O4, PML-2100O4 (versions A and B; contact material—CpH-90, CpM-0,2 + M1, KMK-A10m, respectively) and PML-1100O4 starter with the experimental copper-based contact parts (Cu + Nb + Zr + Y2O3; Cu + Mo + MoO3 + C + Ni; Cu + Cr + TiB2 + Nb + C + Zr) have been conducted. The influence of energy parameters of a commutated circuit on the value of electro-erosion wear, the morphology of the working surfaces of contacts and contact resistance have been determined. Investigation results have been obtained by conducting a set of tests on electromagnetic starters at the experimental plant that simulates the operating conditions of the AC-3 application category. The impact of the electric arc of alternative current on the arc erosion of silver-based and copper-based contact materials have been determined by using a scanning electron microscope Cambridge Stereoscan S4-10 equipped with an attachment for X-ray spectroscopic analysis, Link System-290 and an X-ray microanalyzer Camebax SX-50 (CAMECA, Gennevilliers, France). A metallographic analysis of the contact surfaces has been conducted, which contributed to the determination of the patterns of erosive destruction of bridging contacts based on Ag and Cu. Evolution of the eroded morphology of contacts and the surface components of electrical contacts under the influence of an arc have been characterized. In addition, contact mass loss and the dependence of contact resistance have been studied. When manufacturing the experimental contacts, it is possible to abandon the use of silver, which is significantly cost saving, and not to use dangerous contact additives that are hazardous to the environment and people’s health.

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“…The development of cadmium-free electrical contact materials has always been a worldwide issue. New materials, such as Ag/SnO 2 [ 5 , 6 ], Ag/CuO [ 7 , 8 ], Ag/ZnO [ 9 ], Ag/MAX [ 10 , 11 ], Ag/TiB 2 [ 12 ], and so on, have replaced Ag/CdO to some extent, but still face many problems, such as high and unstable contact resistance and serious ablation loss [ 13 ]. Therefore, designing and preparing new, environmentally friendly, high-performance electrical contacts has always been challenging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quasi-Continuous Network Structure Greatly Improved the Anti-Arc-Erosion Capability of Ag/Y2O3 Electrical Contacts

et al. 2022

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Ag/Y2O3 has excellent potential to replace Ag/CdO as the environmentally friendly electrical contact material. Using spherical Y2O3 as the starting material, Ag/Y2O3 contacts with a quasi-continuous network structure were successfully fabricated by a low-energy ball milling treatment. The mean size of Y2O3 used ranged from 243 to 980 nm. Due to the differences in the size of Y2O3, Ag/Y2O3 contacts had different primitive microstructures, thereby exhibiting distinctive anti-arc-erosion capabilities. Ag/Y2O3 contact prepared using 243 nm Y2O3 showed the best anti-arc-erosion capability and the most outstanding electrical performance measures, such as low contact resistance, less mass transfer, and no failure up to 105 cycle times. The quasi-continuous network structure formed in the fine-scare was responsible for the excellent electrical performance. The short distance between Y2O3 particles in the network promoted the cathode arc motion, and thus alleviated the localized erosion. The results obtained herein may inspire further attempts to design electrical contacts rationally.

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Production of Ag−ZnO powders by hot mechanochemical processing

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Research Progress in Silver Zinc Oxide Electrical Contact Material

Research Progress in Silver Zinc Oxide Electrical Contact Material

Research on the Morphology of the Working Surfaces of Contacts Used in Starters in the Agro-Industrial Sector

Quasi-Continuous Network Structure Greatly Improved the Anti-Arc-Erosion Capability of Ag/Y2O3 Electrical Contacts

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