Production of Airway Secretions

Phipps, Roger J.

doi:10.1055/s-2007-1011467

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Furthermore, even under carefully controlled conditions normal mucus contains significant quantities of cellular debris and airborne materials that confound analyses. Largely due to the lack of sufficient uncontaminated material available for study, the composition of normal human mucus is still uncertain (1,3). Analysis of sputum obtained from diseased subjects, normal secretions induced with hypertonic saline and recovered secretions from laryngectomized patients has yielded the consensus that mucus is 95% water, 2% glycoproteins, 1% proteins, 1% lipids, and 1% inorganic salts (1)(2)(3)(4).…”

Section: Mucus Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These proteins are believed to be responsible for alterations in the rheology of airway secretions characteristic of some pathologic conditions such as bronchitis and bronchiectasis (3). Some studies have suggested that at least part of the lipid in intestinal mucus is in the form of fatty acids covalently attached to glycoproteins (5,6).…”

Section: Mucus Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water Content Regulation of water content is crucial to maintaining viscoelasticity that is optimal 'for the transfer of momentum from the beating cilia of the airway epithelium to the mucus blanket of the mucociliary clearance system (1). A considerable fraction of the water in mucus is bound to the macromolecules or physically trapped inside the interstices formed by dissolved glycoproteins (3). The amount of water in mucus is determined by the availability of water in the airway, which is tightly linked to the movement of the ions that make up the inorganic salts found in mucus.…”

Section: Mucus Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The source of mucus water, and for that matter all airway water, is vascular transudation from the blood (3). This transudation results, in part, from the difference in hydrostatic pressure between the vascular bed and the airspace.…”

Section: Mucus Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An increase in tracheal gland sensitivity to cholinergic stimulation has been reported in ferrets exposed to 03 (158). Both myelinated and unmyelinated (C-fibers) neuronal pathways may be involved in the discharge of mucus in the airway (3,64,105). Eicosanoids such as leukotrienes C4 and D4 and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, have also been shown to mediate glycoprotein release from human airway explants (159,160), and may be involved in mucus secretion in response to toxicant exposure (153).…”

Section: Mechanisms Ofhypersecretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of airway mucus in pulmonary toxicology.

Samet

Cheng

1994

Environ Health Perspect

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Airway mucus is a complex airway secretion whose primary function as part of the mucociliary transport mechanism is to to serve as renewable and transportable barrier against inhaled particulates and toxic agents. The rheologic properties necessary for this function are imparted by glycoproteins, or mucins. Some respiratory disease states, e.g., asthma, cystic fibrosis, and bronchitis, are characterized by quantitative and qualitative changes in mucus biosynthesis that contribute to pulmonary pathology. Similar alterations in various aspects of mucin biochemistry and biophysics, leading to mucus hypersecretion and altered mucus rheology, result from inhalation of certain air pollutants, such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and cigarette smoke. The consequences of these pollutant-induced alterations in mucus biology are discussed in the context of pulmonary pathophysiology and toxicology. -Environ Health Perspect 1 02(Suppl 2): 89-103 (1994).

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Section: Mucus Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mucus Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mucus Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mucus Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Ofhypersecretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The role of airway mucus in pulmonary toxicology.

Samet

Cheng

1994

Environ Health Perspect

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Biological Interactions of Graphene-Family Nanomaterials: An Interdisciplinary Review

Sanchez

Jachak

Hurt

et al. 2011

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

1,165

878

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Graphene is a single-atom thick, two-dimensional sheet of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms isolated from its three-dimensional parent material, graphite. Related materials include few-layer-graphene (FLG), ultrathin graphite, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene nanosheets (GNS). This review proposes a systematic nomenclature for this set of “Graphene-Family Nanomaterials” (GFNs) and discusses specific materials properties relevant for biomolecular and cellular interactions. The article discusses several unique modes of interaction between GFNs and nucleic acids, lipid bilayers, and conjugated small molecule drugs and dyes. Some GFNs are produced as dry powders using thermal exfoliation, and in these cases inhalation is a likely route of human exposure. Some GFNs have aerodynamic sizes that can lead to inhalation and substantial deposition in the human respiratory tract, which may impair lung defense and clearance leading to formation of granulomas and lung fibrosis. The limited literature on in vitro toxicity suggests that GFNs can be either benign or toxic to cells, and it is hypothesized that the biological response will vary across the material family depending on layer number, lateral size, stiffness, hydrophobicity, surface functionalization, and dose. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in target cells is a potential mechanism for toxicity, although the extremely high hydrophobic surface area of some GFNs may also lead to significant interactions with membrane lipids leading to direct physical toxicity or adsorption of biological molecules leading to indirect toxicity. Limited in vivo studies demonstrate systemic biodistribution and biopersistence of GFNs following intravenous delivery. Similar to other smooth, continuous, biopersistent implants or foreign bodies, GFNs have the potential to induce foreign body tumors. Long-term adverse health impacts must be considered in design of GFNs for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and fluorescence-based biomolecular sensing. Future research is needed to explore fundamental biological responses to GFNs including systematic assessment of the physical and chemical materials properties related to toxicity. Complete materials characterization and mechanistic toxicity studies are essential for safer design and manufacturing of GFNs in order to optimize biological applications with minimal risks for environmental health and safety.

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Mucosal Inflammation in Asthma

Djukanović¹,

Roche²,

Wilson³

et al. 1990

Am Rev Respir Dis

1,239

657

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Over the past decade, it has become increasingly recognized that airways inflammation is one of the major components of asthma. Until recently, measurements of bronchial responsiveness and mediators of allergic reactions were the only methods of studying pathogenetic mechanisms in asthma. With improved diagnostic procedures such as fiberoptic bronchoscopy, it has become possible to investigate these mechanisms and the resulting inflammatory changes in situ. BAL has highlighted the presence of mast cells and eosinophils and has given proof of their mediator participation in airways inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Endobronchial biopsies have so far yielded results that are similar to those obtained from postmortem studies, although it appears that there are varying degrees of inflammation in living asthmatics. Even in mild disease, the histopathologic features of bronchial asthma are consistent with chronic inflammation. Indirect evidence obtained from allergen challenge leading to increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness during LAR, and direct evidence of inflammatory cells and their mediators in the airway mucosa and lumen after allergen challenge argue for an active role of cells in bringing about inflammatory changes. At present, however, it is not possible to relate precisely the findings obtained by bronchoscopy to the clinical presentation and progression of asthma. Cell activation with production of potent mediators of inflammation may be more relevant to inflammation than the simple presence of these cells in the airways. Almost all the inflammatory cells present in the bronchial wall and lumen have been implicated in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation in asthma, but with our current state of knowledge, none can be singled out as the most important contributor. The mast cell was the first to be investigated in depth, and despite the accumulation of large amounts of data concerning its ultrastructure and function, it remains uncertain to what extent this cell is involved in inflammatory responses. Thus, while its main role appears to be that of initiator of allergen-induced responses, the eosinophil has attracted more attention as a proinflammatory cell rather than as an antiinflammatory cell with a capacity to be selectively recruited from the circulation in response to IgE-dependent signals. The eosinophil secretes potent mediators that cause damage to the bronchial epithelium and lead to bronchoconstriction. The role of other cells is at present not as well defined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Production of Airway Secretions

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

The role of airway mucus in pulmonary toxicology.

The role of airway mucus in pulmonary toxicology.

Biological Interactions of Graphene-Family Nanomaterials: An Interdisciplinary Review

Mucosal Inflammation in Asthma

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