Production of All-Female and Sterile Coho Salmon, and Experimental Evidence for Male Heterogamety

Hunter, George A.; Donaldson, Edward M.; Goetz, Fredrick W.; Edgell, Philip R.

doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111<367:poaasc>2.0.co;2

Cited by 68 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Sex-reversed males would contribute to the population Y-chromosome-bearing eggs, which when fertilized with Y-chromosome-bearing sperm will generate an abnormal, genotypic YY individual. It has been shown experimentally that YY coho salmon (O. kisutch) and rainbow trout develop properly and are sexually viable (33)(34)(35). Therefore, we expect that all the offspring of a chinook salmon with a YY genotype would be male, reducing the number of genotypic females in the population with each successive generation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High incidence of a male-specific genetic marker in phenotypic female chinook salmon from the Columbia River.

Nagler

Bouma

Thorgaard

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

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Numerous populations of anadromous salmonids in the northwestern United States have been declining for many years, resulting in Endangered Species Act listings and in some cases extinction. The degradation of river ecosystems has been proposed as one of the major reasons for the inability of salmon to maintain their populations. However, the specific factors interfering with the reproduction and survival of salmon during the freshwater phase of their life cycle have not been fully described. This study was initiated to determine the incidence of phenotypic sex reversal in wild, fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytcha) that returned to spawn in the Columbia River. Fish were sampled at different locations within this watershed to determine whether they were faithfully expressing their genotype. We report a high incidence (84%) of a genetic marker for the Y chromosome in phenotypic females sampled from the wild, which was not observed in female fish raised in hatcheries. It appears likely that female salmon with a male genotype have been sex reversed, creating the potential for an abnormal YY genotype in the wild that would produce all-male offspring and alter sex ratios significantly.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High incidence of a male-specific genetic marker in phenotypic female chinook salmon from the Columbia River.

Nagler

Bouma

Thorgaard

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Primary evidence for male heterogamety is derived from analysis of sex ratios in the progeny of hormonally sexreversed individuals. For example, sex-reversed females of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) produce all female progeny when crossed with normal females, indicating that females are homogametic XX (Johnstone et al 1979;Hunter et al 1982Hunter et al , 1983Johnstone and Youngson 1984). Subsequent characterization of sex-linked markers has also provided support for male heterogamety in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou), pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), brown trout (Salmo trutta), rainbow trout (O. mykiss), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha; May et al 1989;Du et al 1993;Forbes et al 1994;Prodöhl et al 1994;Young et al 1998;Nakayama et al 1999;Sakamoto et al 2000;Devlin et al 2001;Zhang et al 2001;Stein et al 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparative Genome Analysis of the Primary Sex-Determining Locus in Salmonid Fishes

Woram

Gharbi²,

Sakamoto³

et al. 2003

Genome Res.

238

222

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We compared the Y-chromosome linkage maps for four salmonid species (Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus; Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar; brown trout, Salmo trutta; and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) and a putative Y-linked marker from lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). These species represent the three major genera within the subfamily Salmoninae of the Salmonidae. The data clearly demonstrate that different Y-chromosomes have evolved in each of the species. Arrangements of markers proximal to the sex-determining locus are preserved on homologous, but different, autosomal linkage groups across the four species studied in detail. This indicates that a small region of DNA has been involved in the rearrangement of the sex-determining region. Placement of the sex-determining region appears telomeric in brown trout, Atlantic salmon, and Arctic charr, whereas an intercalary location for SEX may exist in rainbow trout. Three hypotheses are proposed to account for the relocation: translocation of a small chromosome arm; transposition of the sex-determining gene; or differential activation of a primary sex-determining gene region among the species

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“…These observations led to the postulate that androgens and estrogens are the substances responsible for sex differentiation of male and female fish, respectively (3), and has resulted in the development of protocols for the masculinization and feminization of large numbers of fish for experimental or economic purposes (1,4,5). The androgen receptor (AR) 1 is a critical mediator of male sexual differentiation and development in both fish and mammals.…”

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confidence: 99%

Two Distinct Isoforms of cDNA Encoding Rainbow Trout Androgen Receptors

Takeo

Yamashita

1999

Journal of Biological Chemistry

116

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Androgens play an important role in male sexual differentiation and development. The activity of androgens is mediated by an androgen receptor (AR), which binds to specific DNA recognition sites and regulates transcription. We describe here the isolation of two distinct rainbow trout cDNA clones, designated rtAR-␣ and rtAR-␤, which contain the entire androgen receptor coding region. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of rtAR-␣ to that of rtAR-␤ revealed 85% identity. Interestingly, despite this high homology, rtAR-␣ activated transcription of an androgen-responsive reporter gene in co-transfection assays, but rtAR-␤ did not. These results suggest that rainbow trout contains two distinct isoforms of androgen receptors whose functions differ. The region of rtAR-␤ responsible for its inactivity was mapped to its ligand binding domain by analyzing chimeras of the rtAR-␣, rtAR-␤, and rtGR-I (glucocorticoid) receptors. Alteration of any one of three out of four segments within this domain restored activity.Extracts made from COS-1 cells transfected with an rtAR-␣ expression plasmid produced a high level of [ 3 H]mibolerone binding, whereas no binding was observed by extracts of cells transfected with an rtAR-␤ expression plasmid. These data demonstrate that the lack of transactivation activity of rtAR-␤ is due to its inability to bind hormone.In contrast to mammals, fish can undergo gonadal sex inversion in either direction by treatment with exogenous sex steroid if it is applied early enough during development (1, 2). These observations led to the postulate that androgens and estrogens are the substances responsible for sex differentiation of male and female fish, respectively (3), and has resulted in the development of protocols for the masculinization and feminization of large numbers of fish for experimental or economic purposes (1, 4, 5). The androgen receptor (AR) 1 is a critical mediator of male sexual differentiation and development in both fish and mammals. Structurally and functionally, the AR belongs to the superfamily of ligand-responsive transcription modifiers, which encompasses the receptors for the steroid and thyroid hormones. Like other nuclear receptors, steroid receptors are composed of three major functional domains: an NH 2 -terminal hypervariable transcriptional activation domain (TAD), a central highly conserved DNA binding domain (DBD) consisting of two Cys-Cys zinc finger motifs, and a COOH-terminal ligand binding domain (LBD) (6 -9). It has been reported that the AR regulates androgen target genes by binding to a specific DNA sequence, the androgen-responsive element (ARE; consensus ϭ 5Ј-GGTACANNNTGTTCT), which is similar to the glucocorticoid response element (12)(13)(14). The AR can either up-or downregulate the expression of androgen target genes, the outcome probably depending on interactions with specific adapters or co-activators (10, 11).At present, complete AR cDNAs have been cloned only from mammalian species (human, rat, and mouse) (6, 15). We have undertaken the isola...

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Production of All-Female and Sterile Coho Salmon, and Experimental Evidence for Male Heterogamety

Cited by 68 publications

References 10 publications

High incidence of a male-specific genetic marker in phenotypic female chinook salmon from the Columbia River.

High incidence of a male-specific genetic marker in phenotypic female chinook salmon from the Columbia River.

Comparative Genome Analysis of the Primary Sex-Determining Locus in Salmonid Fishes

Two Distinct Isoforms of cDNA Encoding Rainbow Trout Androgen Receptors

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