Production of Antibodies against Insecticide-Protein Conjugates

Abstract

sine, phenylalanine, and ornithine. In this connection it is interesting to note that the average weight of the liver between 150 and 175 days only increased 1.3%. An increase in free amino acid concentration during this period could be explained by a general increase in metabolic activity and enzyme maturation. A decrease in concentrations of the TCA cycle related amino acids, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, may be related to the sharp increase in demand for energy, but no proof is available. Correlation between free amino acid concentrations in the brain and the liver of fetal monkeys is virtually absent. The four amino acids whose concentrations increase in the brain during fetal development do not show this trend in the liver. On the contrary, while the concentrations of aspartic acid and glutamine increase in the brain, they decrease in the liver. Glutamic acid levels in the brain and the liver showed the same sharp increase shortly after birth. The concentrations of threonine, proline, and alanine decrease both in brain and liver.The free amino acid content of umbilical cord serum from the same fetal monkeys (1) failed to correlate with our data on the brain and liver amino acid concentrations. The free amino acid pool available during develop-ment of the fetus is undoubtedly a reflection of the free amino acid concentration in the plasma of the mother ( 6 ) , but the influence of fasting of the mother monkeys for 8 hr prior to surgery on the amin? acid levels in the organs of the fetus is unknown.It is however, difficult to conceive that the wide range of values for some amino acids are due to dietary influences. Although all animals in this study were growing at the same rate despite the differences in free amino acid concentrations, it is doubtful that these levels in the organs of the fetus are a proper reflection of the rate of protein synthesis at the cellular level.

Mono- and polyclonal antibodies to the organophosphate fenitrothion. 1. Approaches to hapten-protein conjugation

“…Most work has been done on immunoassays for herbicides, but some work on the organophosphorus pesticides parathion (Ercegovich et al, 1981;Heldman et al, 1985;Ngeh-Ngwainbi et al, 1986) and malathion (Haas and Guardia, 1968;Centeno et al, 1970) and the organophosphorus nerve gas soman (Hunter et al, 1982;Buenafe and Rittenberg, 1987) has been reported. In this paper, the development of specific polyclonal and * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.…”

“…Over the past few years, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods have been developed as attractive options for either the identification or quantification of a variety of agrochemicals in water, soil, and, in some cases, agricultural produce (Hammock et al, 1987;Jung et al, 1989). Most work has been done on immunoassays for herbicides, but some work on the organophosphorus pesticides parathion (Ercegovich et al, 1981;Heldman et al, 1985;Ngeh-Ngwainbi et al, 1986) and malathion (Haas and Guardia, 1968;Centeno et al, 1970) and the organophosphorus nerve gas soman (Hunter et al, 1982; Buenafe and Rittenberg, 1987) has been reported.…”

Hapten Synthesis and Production of Monoclonal Antibodies to DDT and Related Compounds

“…Several attempts to obtain antibodies for DDT and related compounds have been previously carried out. immunogens resulted in low-affinity antisera that mainly recognized DDA, the chief urinary metabolite of DDT (Haas and Guardia, 1968;Centeno et al, 1970;Furuya and Urasawa, 1981;Banerjee, 1987). Further work by Bu ¨rgisser et al (1990) using a new immunogenic dicofolderived hapten allowed them to obtain a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to DDT that exhibited an I 50 around 100 nM in a competitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay.…”

Development of a Panel of Immunoassays for Monitoring DDT, Its Metabolites, and Analogues in Food and Environmental Matrices

“…From a panel of possible antibod- ies and enzyme-labeled hapten combinations, five assays were selected and evaluated for application to food and environmental matrices. Other immunoassays have been developed for DDA (Haas and Guardia, 1968;Centero et al, 1970;Furuya and Urasawa, 1981), although much of this work predated the development of sensitive nonisotopic methods, such as the ELISA.…”

“…While maintaining comparable sensitivity, they are simple and cost-effective and can be adapted for field use (Gee et al, 1995;Lee et al, 1995). Earlier, several groups have attempted to develop antibodies for detection of DDT and metabolites by forming esters or amides of DDA (Haas and Guardia, 1968;Centero et al, 1970;Furuya and Urasawa, 1981;Banerjee, 1987); however, typically these antibodies detected DDT much more poorly than they did DDA. Burgisser et al (1990) designed a hapten based on dicofol, which, unlike the DDA-derived haptens, retained the -CCl 3 moiety of DDT, and developed a competitive radioimmunoassay of low to moderate sensitivity.…”