Production of cytokines in acute schizophrenic psychosis

Rothermundt, Matthias; Arolt, Volker; Weitzsch, Christine; Eckhoff, Dörte; Kirchner, Holger

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00360-5

Cited by 64 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…We are currently investigating this further in order to improve our understanding of the role of the humoral immune system in schizophrenic psychosis. We were able to confirm the repeatedly reported decrease in IL-2 production by schizophrenic patients [15,19,[24][25][26][27][28]. The serum level of sIL-2R was unchanged.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Serum levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2) were found to be unchanged [22,23]. Several groups (including our own) have reported that the production of IL-2 by lymphocytes after stimulation is significantly lower in schizophrenics than it is in nonpsychotic controls [15,19,[24][25][26][27][28]. The decreased IL-2 production of acutely ill schizophrenics compared to patients in remission suggests that IL-2 is a state rather than a trait marker for the acute illness [29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunological Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Approach

Rothermundt¹,

Arolt²,

Weitzsch³

et al. 1998

Neuropsychobiology

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Background: In the present study, immunological alterations were investigated as one possible factor contributing towards the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Specifically cellular changes, deviating cytokine production and interfering variables were studied in order to improve our understanding of how these factors interact. Method: 44 acutely ill schizophrenics were compared with matched healthy controls. Cell numbers were determined by flow cytometry and cytokine production by whole blood assay and ELISA. A criss-cross technique was employed for the assessment of interfering serum factors. Results: Cell counts for leukocytes, lymphocytes, pan T cells, activated T cells and the absolute B cell count of the schizophrenic patients were all within normal limits. The absolute and relative monocyte counts, the number of IL-2 receptor carrying T cells and the relative B cell count were slightly elevated. IL-2 and IFN-γ production were increased while IL-10 production, the sIL-2R and cortisol levels remained unchanged. No interfering serum factors were detected. Conclusion: The deficient production of TH-1 cytokines in schizophrenia is not due either to a changed number of immunocompetent cells or to a counterregulation of the TH-2 cytokine IL-10. Serum factors in in vitro testing are not responsible for the deficient cytokine production.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Approach

Rothermundt¹,

Arolt²,

Weitzsch³

et al. 1998

Neuropsychobiology

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“…Using the same methods as were used in our pilot study, 14 we have demonstrated a significantly reduced production of IFN-␥ in an acutely ill subsample of a larger group of patients with schizophrenia. 15 Recently this finding could be confirmed in samples of hospitalized acutely psychotic schizophrenics 29 and in acutely schizophrenic members of multiplex families. 30 However, as in the majority of studies in this area, only a cross-sectional approach was employed, which did not yield any information about changes in cytokine production while patients were undergoing remission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…68 (b) In earlier studies we reported that there was also no evidence for an influence of IL-4 15 or IL-10 29 on cytokine production. The production of IL-10 was in fact lowered in schizophrenia, 29 a finding which even suggests a malfunction in the physiological antagonism between the TH-1 and the TH-2 systems. On the other hand, Gazullo et al 26 found an increased IL-10 production in patients with paranoid schizophrenia.…”

Section: Production Of: Il-2 (T1) Il-2 (T2) Il-2 (T3) Ifn-␥ (T1) Ifn-mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…(a) In no study cited until now 14,15,29 could significant differences in the relevant lymphocyte populations be detected. The CD4CD45RO+ memory-cells were studied in particular by our group, since they are supposed to be the main producers of IFN-␥, 5 however without detecting differences between patients with schizophrenia and controls.…”

Section: Production Of: Il-2 (T1) Il-2 (T2) Il-2 (T3) Ifn-␥ (T1) Ifn-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decreased in vitro production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 in whole blood of patients with schizophrenia during treatment

et al. 2000

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A pattern of aberrations in the T-cell cytokine system that is typical for autoimmune disorders has also been reported in patients with schizophrenia, namely a decreased interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and increased levels of the soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R). It has also been reported that the production of interferon-␥ (IFN-␥) may be lowered. In a longitudinal design, we studied the production of both IFN-␥ and IL-2 and their correlation in patients with schizophrenia during treatment and investigated whether associations exist between cytokine production and clinical variables. The production of IFN-␥ and IL-2 was measured in equal numbers (n = 29) of patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV) and controls who were matched for age and gender. Patients were measured 1 day after admission (T1), after 14 (T2) and 28 (T2) days of treatment. Psychopathology was assessed after these times. The production of both IFN-␥ and IL-2 was significantly lower in patients than in controls throughout the whole investigation period (T1-T3). The productions of both cytokines were significantly correlated in controls (r = 0.60, P Յ 0.001) as well as in patients with schizophrenia (mean production T1-T3: r = 0.71, P Յ 0.001). No associations between cytokine measurements and psychopathology or age-at-onset could be found. Our findings of lowered and correlated IFN-␥ and IL-2 production indicate that alterations in the cytokine system of patients with schizophrenia might resemble those in autoimmune disorders. It is suggested that these immunological abnormalities are associated with acute exacerbation, rather than with a clinical subtype of schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry (2000) 5, 150-158.

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Homozygosity of the interleukin‐10 receptor 1 G330R allele is associated with schizophrenia

Schosser

Aschauer

Wildenauer

et al. 2006

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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Infections of unknown origin and an altered immune response have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We have previously identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) causing a substitution of glycine 330 to arginine (G330R) and of serine 138 to glycine (S138G). A possible association between these IL-10R1 variants and schizophrenia has been investigated in the present study. DNA of 101 unrelated Austrian patients with a DSM-III-R (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) consensus diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 70) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 31) and DNA of 121 German schizophrenic patients (DSM-III-R) was analyzed for the presence of S138G and G330R by allele-specific multiplex PCRs. Data from patients were compared with 250 unrelated, psychiatric healthy controls. No difference in allele frequency was detected between patients and controls (G330R: 34.0% vs. 30.0%, P = 0.208; S138G: 19.7% vs. 16.6%, P = 0.235; by Fisher's exact test). However, there was a significant difference in genotype distribution (wt/wt, wt/mut, mut/mut) for G330R between patients (46.8%, 38.3%, 14.9%) and controls (47.6%, 44.8%, 7.6%; Fisher's test P = 0.032). No such difference was seen for S138G. Our results suggest that homozygosity of the IL-10R1 G330R allele is associated with schizophrenia and may contribute to the expression of disease phenotype in susceptible individuals.

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Production of cytokines in acute schizophrenic psychosis

Cited by 64 publications

References 19 publications

Immunological Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Approach

Immunological Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Approach

Decreased in vitro production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 in whole blood of patients with schizophrenia during treatment

Homozygosity of the interleukin‐10 receptor 1 G330R allele is associated with schizophrenia

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